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Of sciences
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY
OF
ARTS AND SCIENCES.
VOL. II.
FROM MAV, 1S4S, TO MAY, 1832.
SELECTED FROM THE EECORDS.
^
BOSTON AND CAMBRIDGE: METCALF AND COMPANY,
1852.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY
OF
ARTS AND SCIENCES,
SELECTED FROM THE RECORDS.
VOL. II.
Three hundred and eighth meeting. May 30, 184S. — Annual Meeting.
The Vice-President, Mr. Everett, in the chak.
The Reports of the Treasurer, and of the Auditing Commit- tee, were read by Mr. Peirce, in the absence of the Treasurer.
Professor Gray, from the Committee of Publication, stated that there were various papers ready for publication, and that the materials at the disposal of the Committee were likely to be sufficient to furnish a volume of the Memoirs annually.
He also communicated a paper from Dr. John L. Le Conte, of New York, giving an account of a new fossil pachyderm, the Platygonus compressus, found at Galena, Iowa.
Mr. Bond communicated the following
"Observations on Mauvais's Cobiet of July 4th, 1817,
Made at the Cambridge Observatory.
(Continued from Vol. I., p. 1G9, of the Proceedings.)
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Siar ol Comparison. |
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Mean Solar Time. |
A. R. 1 Dec. N. |
A. R. |
Dec. N. |
Com p. 1 |
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h. III. So//; |
h. m. s. |
1 |
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Feb. 29 12 43 5-5 |
10 57 23,1 18 42 48 |
10 56 16.84 |
18 43 11.5 |
11 IB. Z. 456. |
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March 1 15 22 00 |
10 54 37.8 18 36 57 |
10 56 16.84 |
18 43 11.5 |
12 |
" |
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" 1 16 37 00 |
10 54 30.218 36 46 |
10 58 40.53 |
18 33 34.2 |
2 |
11 |
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» 24 9 55 30 |
10 07 23.0 16 03 44 |
10 07 46.79 |
16 09 03.0 |
12 B. Z. 280. |
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April 21 "9 09 00 |
9 37 41.8 12 29 07 |
9 38 11.70:i2 20 29.4 |
5 18 Leonis. |
" The positions are referred to the mean equinox of Jan. 1st, 1848. " This comet is remarkable for the length of time during which it
VOL. II. 1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
was visible, it having been discovered in July, 1S47. When last seen, its distance from the earth was three hundred nnillions of miles, and from the sun three hundred and fifty millions ; yet it was still bright enough to admit of pretty good determinations.
" A scintillation or twinkling of its central light was frequently re- marked, an indication, perhaps, of a solid nucleus."
Professor Agassiz related some observations he had made up- on the form of the extremities in the embryonic state of birds.
Dr. C. T. Jackson stated that he had obtained a considera- ble quantity of foliated tellurium from specimens of gold ore found near Frederick, Virginia.
Mr. Cole read a letter from Mr. Spencer of Canistota, New York, detailing the history of his attempts at constructing achromatic microscopes, and of the improvements he had effect- ed : — referred to the Rumford Committee.
Miss Maria Mitchell of Nantucket, the discoverer of the comet which bears her name (Vide Proceedings, Vol. I. p. 183), was chosen an Honorary Member of the Academy.
Dr. Joseph Leidy of Philadelphia was elected a Correspond- ing Member.
At the annual election, the following officers were duly elect- ed for the ensuing year : —
Jacob Bigelow, M. D., . . President. Edward Everett, LL. D., Vice-President.
Asa Gray, M. D., Corresponding Secretary.
A. A. Gould, M. D., . . . Recording Secretary.
J. Ingersoll Bowditch, . Treasurer.
John Bacon, Jr., M. D., . . Librarian and Cabinet- Keeper.
The Standing Committees were filled as follows : —
Rumford Committee.
Eben N. Horsford, Benjamin Peirce,
John Ware, Joseph Lovering,
Francis C. Lowell.
Committee of Publication.
Asa Gray, Louis Agassiz, W. C. Bond.
Committee on the Library.
A. A. Gould, D. H. Storer, Benjamin Peirce.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 6
Three hundred and ninth meeting.
August 10, 1848. — Quarterly Meeting,
The Vice-President in the chair.
Dr. Gould, from the Library Committee, presented a report on the condition and pressing wants of the Library ; and the annual appropriation for its care and increase was voted.
Dr. Gray, from the Committee of Publication, submitted a statement of bills due, and an estimate of the expenses liable to be incurred during the year in carrying on the printing of the Memoirs and the Proceedings of the Academy ; and the annual appropriation was voted for the purpose.
The Corresponding Secretary submitted a memoir on the development of the ova and on the diseases of Limnasa, by Dr. Henry L Bowditch.
Mr. Epes Sargent Dixwell, Henry L Bowditch, M. D., and Mr. Edward C. Cabot, were elected Fellows of the Academy,
John L. Le Conte, M. D., of New York, and Professor James Hall, of Albany, were elected Corresponding Members,
Three hundrad and tenth meeting,
October 3, 1848. — Monthly Meeting.
The President in the chair.
The Corresponding Secretary read letters from Messrs. E. S. Dixwell, Henry L Bowditch, and Edward C. Cabot, accepting the fellowship of the Academy. Also a letter from the Hon. Secretary of the Navy, requesting suggestions from the Acade- my in respect to the projected astronomical expedition of Lieu- tenant Gillis to some southern point in South America. Re- ferred to Professor Peirce and Mr. Bond.
Mr, Everett stated that he had received information, through the Danish Charge d'Affaires at Washington, that the conditions of the award of the King of Denmark's medal for the discov- ery of telescopic comets would probably be so far waived in favor of Miss Mitchell, as to the time and mode of announcing the discovery, that she would receive the medal.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Mr. Everett, having alluded to the letter addressed to him- self, as President of the University, by W. C. Bond, Esq., Director of the Observatory, announcing the discovery, on the 16th of September, of an eighth satellite of Saturn,* read a short paper on the discovery of the other satellites by Huyghens, Cassini, and Sir William Herschel, and on the name proper to be given to the satellite discovered by the Messrs. Bond. Adopting the nomenclature proposed by Sir John Herschel, in his late work on the Cape Observations, Mr. Everett suggested that the new satellite, which comes next to lapetus, might be called either "Prometheus" or " Hesper," sons of lapetus: or, if a brother of Saturn were preferred, it might be called " Hy- perion." Some discussion arose on this point ; and a commit- tee, consisting of Messrs. Everett, Felton, Sparks, Peirce, and Bond, was appointed on the subject of the discovery, and of a name proper to be given to it.
Professor Agassiz gave an account of the fossil Cetacea
* Mr. Bond's letter is as follows : —
" Observatory, Cambridge, Sept. 25, 1848. "Dear Sir, —
" On the evening of the 16th of this month a small star was noticed, situated nearly in the plane of Saturn's ring, and between the satellites Titan and lapetus. It was regarded at the time as accidental. It was, however, recorded, with an estimated position in regard to Saturn.
" The next night favorable for observation was the Idth, and, while comparing the relative brightness of the satellites, the same object, similarly situated in re- gard to the planet, was again noticed, and its position more carefully laid down. But still at the time we scarcely suspected its real nature.
" From accurate measurements on the evening of the 19lh, the star being found to partake of the retrograde motion of Saturn, that portion of the heavens toward which the planet was approaching was carefully examined, and every star near its path for the two following nights laid down on a diagram, and micrometric meas- ures of position and distance with objects in the neighbourhood were taken.
" The evening of the 20th was cloudy. On the 21st the new satellite was found to have approached the primarj', and it moved sensibly among the stars while un- der observation. Similar observations were repeated on the nights of the 22d and 23d. Its orbit is exterior to that of Titan. It is less bright than either of the two inner satellites discovered by Sir William Herschel.
" Respectfully,
" W. C. BOND."
*' President Everett ."
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. O
which have been found in the United States, and which are much more numerous than is generally supposed. He show- ed nearly perfect sculls of four distinct species, belonging to three different genera, and various parts of three more species. Of these seven species, six belong to the family of Zeuglo- donts, and one to that of the true Dolphins. They were all found in the lower tertiary deposits of the Southern States. The new types described by Professor Agassiz were discovered by Mr. Holmes of Charleston, South Carolina, and by Mr. Markoe of Washington. It is intended to publish extensive illustrations of all these fossils.
Professor Gray, from the Publishing Committee, announced that a new volume of Memoirs was nearly ready for distribu- tion, and proposed that a committee should be appointed to fix some general rules for the disposition of the publications of the Academy. Messrs. Everett, Felton, Gray, Sparks, Agassiz, Walker, and Gould were appointed a committee for this pur- pose.
Three humlred and eleventh meeting.
November 8, 1848. — Quarterly Meeting.
The President in the chair.
Mr. Everett, from the committee appointed at the last meeting on the discovery of the eighth satellite of Saturn, and on a name suitable to be given to it, read a detailed report, which was referred to the Committee of Publication for the purpose of having it appended to the third volume of' Me- moirs about to be issued [where it has been printed in full].
Professor Gray presented a Memoir, entitled "Plantee Fend- lerianas Novi-Mexicanas : an Account of a Collection of Plants made chiefly in the Vicinity of Santa Fe, New Mexico, by Augustus Fendler ; with Descriptions of the New Species, Critical Remarks, and Characters of other undescribed or little known Plants from surrounding Regions " ; and made some general observations on the characteristics of the vegetation of New Mexico, now first brought to the notice of botanists.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
" Desirous to render the occupation of New Mexico by the United States troops subservient to the advancement of science, and to make known the vegetation of a region which had scarcely been visited by a naturalist, Dr. Engelmann and myself, with the cooperation of one or two friends who patronized the enterprise, induced Mr. Fendler to un- dertake a botanical exploration of tlie country around Santa Fe. In execution of this plan, Mr. Fendler left Fort Leavenworth, on the Mis- souri, on the 10th of August, 1846, with a military train, he having been allowed by the Secretary of War a free transportation for him- self, his luggage, and collections.
" Mr. Fendler travelled the well-beaten track of the Santa Fe trad- ers to the Arkansas, and then followed that river up to Bent's Fort, which he reached on the 5th of September. On the 25th of Septem- ■ her the Arkansas was crossed, four miles above Bent's Fort, and the westerly course was now changed to a southwestern direction, through an arid and very barren region, where the shrubby Alriplex was the most characteristic plant, and furnished almost the only fuel to be ob- tained. Thus far the country was a comparatively level, or rather rolling, prairie, rising gradually from one thousand to more than four thousand feet above the sea. But on Sept. 27th, the base of the moun- tain chain was reached, which is an outlier of the Rocky Mountains, and attains in the Raton Mountains the elevation of eight thousand feet. West of these, in dim distance, the still higher Spanish Peaks appear, which have only been visited, very cursorily, by the naturalists of Ma- jor Long's expedition in 1820. Scattered Pine-trees are here seen for the first time on the Rio de los Animos (or Purgatory River of the Anglo-Americans), which issues from the Raton Mountains. The par- ty several times crossed large perfectly level tracts, which at this sea- son, at least, showed not a sign of vegetation ; in other localities of the same description, nothing but a decumbent species of Opuntia was ob- served. The sides of the Raton Mountains were studded with the tall Pinus hrachyptera, Engelm., and the elegant Pinus concolor. De- scending the mountains, the road led along their southeastern base, across the head-waters of the Canadian.
" On the 11th of October, Mr. Fendler obtained the first view of the valley of Santa F6, and was disagreeably surprised by the apparent sterility of the region where his researches were to commence in the following season. The mountains rise probably to near nine thousand feet above the sea-level, two thousand feet above the town, but do not
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 4
reach the line of perpetual snow, and are destitute, therefore, of strict- ly alpine plants. Their sides are studded with the two Pines already- mentioned, with PinusJIexilis, &c.
" The Rio del Norte, twenty-five or thirty miles west fi'om Santa Fe, is probably two thousand feet lower than that town. Its flora is meagre ; but some interesting plants were obtained on its sandy banks, or on the black basaltic rocks, which in other places rise directly from its brink. South and southwest of Santa Fe, an almost level and ster- ile plain extends for fifteen miles, which supports little vegetation, ex- cept four or five Cactecs, some Grasses, and here and there a bush of the Shrub Cedar. To the west and north there is a range of gravelly hills, thinly covered with Cedar and the Nut Pine. The valleys be- tween the hills appear to have a fertile soil, but cannot be cultivated for want of irrigation. They furnished some very interesting portions of Mr. Fendler's collection.
" By far the richest and most interesting region about Santa Fe, for the botanist, is the valley of the Rio Chiquho {liuJe creek) or Santa Fe Creek. It takes its origin about sixteen or eighteen miles northeast of the town, from a small mountain lake or pond, runs through a narrow, chasm-like valley, which widens about three miles from Santa Fe, and opens into the plain just where the town is built. Below, the stream is almost entirely absorbed by the numerous irrigating ditches, which are ^most essential for the fertilization of the otherwise sterile fields. Most of the characteristic plants of the upper part of the creek and of the moun- tain-sides are those of the Rocky Mountains, or of allied forms ; some of which, such as Atragene Ochotensis or alpina, Draha aurea, &c., have never before been met with in so low a latitude (under 36°).
" Mr. Fendler made his principal collections from the beginning of April to the beginning of August, 1847, in the region just described. At that time, unforeseen obstacles obliged him to leave the field of his successful researches. He quitted Santa Fe on the 9lh of August, followed the usual road to Fort Leavenworth, which separates from the ' Bent's Fort road ' at the Mora River, and unites with it again at the ' Crossing of the Arkansas.' The first part of the route from Santa Fe to Vegas leads through a mountainous, wooded country, of much botanical interest, crossing the water-courses of the Pecos, Ojo de Ber- nal, and Gallinas. From Vegas the road leads northeastwardly through an open prairie country, occasionally varied with higher hills, as far as the Round Mound (6,655 feet high, according to Dr. VVislizenus). The
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
principal water-courses on this part of the route, all of which furnished different remarkable species, were the Mora, Ocate, Colorado (the head of the Canadian), and Rock Creek, all of which empty into the Cana- dian. Rabbit's Ear Creek and McNees Creek (the head-waters of the north fork of the Canadian) are east of the mountains altogether. From thence the Cimarron was reached, where the Cold Spring, Up- per, Middle, and Lower Spring, and Sand Creek are interesting local- ities. On September 4th, Mr. Fendler recrossed the Arkansas, and reached Fort Leavenworth on the 24th of that month.
" The systematic enumeration of the plants collected by Mr. Fend- ler, at this time presented to the Academy, extends to the close of the Compositse (Nos. 1-462); and embraces the following new species, viz. : — Thaliclrum Fendleri. Berberis Fendleri, a beautiful and very distinct species, allied to B. Canadensis. Argemone hispida, — also gathered by Fremont and Wislizenus, — allied to A. grandiflora. Nasturtium sphcBrocarpum, a species with almost exactly globose sili- cles, as its name indicates. Streptanthus micranthus, and S. lineari- folius, Cardamine cordifolia, a species most resembling C. asarifolia of the Old World. Sisymbrium incisitm, which has the pods of S. So- phia, but with longer pedicels and much coarser foliage. Vesicaria Fendleri, a very distinct species of a genus which appears to have its principal focus in Texas and New Mexico. Lepidium alyssoides, which was also found by Fremont. Drymaria sperguJoides, and D. te- nella, two remarkable narrow-leaved species. Arenaria Fendleri, a grassy-leaved species of a group not before found in the New World. Sidalcea Neo-3Iexicana, and S. Candida, belonging to a new genus, of which Sida diploscypha, Torr. 4* Gi'-, is the type. Ceanothus Fend- leri. Dalea nana, Torr. ined., allied to D. aurea. Astragalus diphy- sus, and A. cyaneus ; and four new species of Pliaca, viz. P. Fendleri, P. gracilenta, P. macrocarpa, and P. picta. Calliandra herbacea, a small, depressed herb. Mimosa borealis, a shrub, found north of lat. 37°, also gathered in flower by Mr. Gordon. Potentilla diffusa, and P. crinita. (Enothera (Pachylopliis) eximia, the largest and most striking species of the section, and apparently one of the handsomest of the genus ; and CE. (Salpingia) Fendleri, also a very showy species. The new Cactese are Mammillaria papyracantha, Cereus Fendleri, and Opuntia plia;acantha, described by Dr. Engelmann, who has very successfully investigated this family. Ribes leptanthum. Pliiladel- plius microphyllus, a charming species. Archemosa Fendleri. Cy-
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, 9
mopterus Fendleri. Thaspium ? monlanum. Of Loranthacese, Pho- radendron juniperinum, Engelm., with two Arceutholia which Dr. Engelmann considers distinct from the A. oxycedri of the Old World. Galium Fendleri, and G. asperrimum.
" The following are the new Compositae of the collection, viz. : — Clavigera hrachyphylla. Brickellia Fendleri. Aster Fendleri. Eri- geron canum, E. cinereum, and E. Jtagellare. Townsendia Fendleri and r. eximia, two interesting additions to a genus characteristic of the region (and still another is added from farther south). Gutierrezia {Hemiachyris) sphcErocephala. Franseria tenuifolia, and F. tomenfosa. Bidens tenuisecta. Sanvitalia Aherti. Heterospermum tageliniim. Lowellia aurea, a new genus allied to Dysodia. Schkuhria Neo- Mexicana. Actinella argenlea, the most showy species of the genus. Amaurial dissecla, also found by Fremont. Senecio Fendleri. Cir- sium ochrocentrum. Crepis amhigna. Macrorliynclms purpureus.
" Numerous species and several new genera are characterized in notes to the memoir, of which the greater part are from the North- Mexican collections of Dr. Wislizenus and Dr. Gregg."
Mr. James D. Dana, of New Haven, presented a continuation of his brief synopsis of the characters of the Crustacea ob- tained during the cruise of the vessels of the United States Exploring Expedition, as follows : —
Conspectus Crustaceorum quce in Orhis Terrarum ciraimnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipubliccp. Fcederatce. Duce, lexit et de- scripsit Jacobus D. Dana. Pars II.*
Familia III. C A L A N I D ^ .
Oculi simplices ; etiam ssepe alii duo inferiores deorsum spectantes. Pedes mandibulares maxillaresque articulati et longe setigeri. Sac- cuius oviger unicus. A7if.enn<^ anticce elongata?, non appendiculatse. Antennoi posticcB apice setigerse.
Genera notis sequentibus distinguenda : t —
* Vide Partem I., Vol. I. p. 149.
\ Membra pedalia Cyclopaceorum ordine seqiientia : —
I. Pedes mandibulares duo (membra cejilialotboracis, ad normam, yuarta, — ct. iv.).
II. Maxillae duae (ct. v.). vor.. II. 2
10
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
fAntennis an- ticis nee an- gulo flexis,
3
3
'Pedibusposti- cis (ct. xii.) non prelien-< silibus, sEBpe obsoletis.
nee articula-< tione geni culatis.
•- <
C
3 O
o
Pedibus anticis (ct. vii.) majo- ribus quam rnaxillipedes (ct. vi.), lateraliter porrectis, non geniculatis 1. Calanus.
Pedibus anticis minoribus quam rnaxillipedes. Maxilii- pedibus sub corpora genicula- tis. Abdomine longissimo. 2. Scribella.
Pedibus posticis elongatis, subulatis, uno siib- prehensili ; pedibus anticis dupio geniculatis, sub corpore gestis, apice deflexis. . . .
3. EUCHJETA.
Antennis anticis angulo levissime flexis, nunquam articula- tione geniculatis. Pedibus posticis maris prehensilibus. . 4. Undina.
Antennfi antica maris dextrA geniculante.
'Maxillipedibus dupIo genicu- latis, inflexis, setis longis, nu- dis 5. Candace.
Max. rectis, setis longis, setu-
losis 6. CVCLOPSINA.
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Oculis superioribus nullis, inferioribus grandibus. Antenna antica
dextri maris geniculante ; aliis Calano affinibus 7. Catopia.
'Antenni antica dextra maris non geniculante, ambabus flexilibns, setis diftusis. Pedibus posticis parvulis, uni- articulatis 8. Acartia.
Antenna antic4 dextra maris geniculante ; setis non dif- fusis. Pede postico dextro crasso, prehensili. ... 9. Pontella.
Genus I. CALANUS. {Leach.)
Rostrum furcatum. Antennce. anticm sive leviter curvatse, slve rectse, maris non geniculantes. Pedes post ici (ct. xii.) obsolescentes, ma- ris non prehensiles. Pedes antici (ct. vii.) elongati, late porrecti, maxillipedibus (ct. vi.) majores, non geniculati. Oculi inferiores nulli. Cephalothorax 4 - 5-articulatus. Rami antennarum postica- rum siiba^qui, ramo breviore ad apicem 3-setis instructo, in dorse sa- tire ro.*
III. Maxillipedes (vel maxilla;) duo (ct. vi.).
IV. Pedes antici (vel maxillipedes) duo (ct. vii.).
v., VI., VII., VIII., et saepe IX. Pedes biremes octo vel decern (ct. viii., ix., X., xi., xii.).
In ambiguis, etiam numcri {soil. ct. iv., ct. v., etc.) saepe subjuncti.
Mandibulum articulus pedis mandibularis primus est, et "palpi" articuli se- quentes pedis reliqui sunt.
* Species optimc distinguendrc sunt : —
1. Per gestum antennarum anticarum ; etiam per setas, praccipue apicales ct sub- apicales; per longitudinem et numerum articulorum :
2. Per maxillipedes, et pedes anticos :
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
11
Syn. — Cyclops, Milller. — Calanus, XeacA. — Cetochilus ? Roussel de
Vauzlme.
I. SetjE Antennarum' Anticarum apicales subapicalibus lon-
GIORES.
A. Slyli caudales curti.
1. Calanus rotundatus. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax 4-ar- ticulatus, crassus, postice obtusus. Antennse anticse corpore vix brevi- ores, 24-articulalfE, duplo curvatse, apicibus fronte paulo posteriores, articulo ultimo elongate ; setis apicalibus articulum sequantibus, anticis apice remotis, setis subapicalibus minutis. Styli caudales brevissimi ; setis inasquis, secundis abdomine longioribus et apice divaricatis.
Long. yV". — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 32° 24', long. ocg. 166° ; lat. bor. 3°, long, orient. 176° ; lat. bor. 28°, long, orient. 171° 30'. — Lect. die 9 Ap., 1840 ; die 19 Ap., 1841 ; et die 17 Maii, 1841.
2. Calanus comptus. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax 4-articu- latus, postice obtusus. AntennfE anticae tenuissimae, cephalothorace paulo longiores, ferme 24-articulata^, duplo curvatae, apicibus fronte posteriores, articulo ultimo elpngato (forsan duplice) ; setis apicalibus articulum fere aequantibus, anticis apice remotis, postica penultima ar- ticuli longitudine, antica penultima et antepenultimis minutis. Styli caudales breves ; setis strictis, rectis, duobus paulum longioribus.
Long. yV'. — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. bor. 40°, long. occ. 157° ; lat. bor. 45°, long. occ. 156° ; lat. aust. 21^°, long. occ. 136°. — Lect. diebus 2, 6 Jul., 1841 ; 13 Aug., 1839.
3. Calanus NUDus. — Frons rotundata, prominulus. Cephalothorax 4-articulatus, postice subacutus. Antennae anticae cephalothorace vix longiores, ferme 18-articulatas, articulo ultimo non longiore ; setis totis brevissimis, apicalibus articulo non longioribus, et anticis apice vix re- motis, subapicalibus minutis. Styli caudales paulum oblongi, setis rec- tis, strictis, abdomine non longioribus.
Long. gV"- — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 8° - 0°, long. occ. 21° - 18°, et lat. aust. 0° - 6°, long. occ. 18° - 25°. — Lect. diebus 20, 22, 25 Oct., et 1, 3, 5, 8, 12 Nov., 1838.
3. Per pedes posticos thoracicos :
4. Per numerum segmentorum cephalothoracis, et characteres segmentorum an- tici posticique :
5. Per stylos caudales et eorum setas :
Articulatio cephalothoracis non valet genera distinguere. Nunierus segmento- rum abdominis per setatem variat, et vix valet species distinguere.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
4. Calanus Magellanicus. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax 4- articulatus, postice obtusus. Antennse anticai corpore breviores, duplo curvata?, apicibus fronte valde posteriores, articulis quatuor ultimis bre- vibus, subaequis ; setis totis perbrevibus, apicalibus articulo* brevioribus, anticis apice remotis, subapicalibus posticls minutis, anticis obsoletis. Styli caudales perbreves, selis abdominem fere fequantibus.
Long. jJj". — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 52°, prope Patago- niam. Lect. die 27 Mar., 1839.
5. Calanus crassus. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax crassus, 4-articulatus, postice vix subacutus. Antennce anticce corpore brevio- res, apicibus fronte valde posteriores, setis brevibus, apicalibus paulo longioribus, subapicalibus minutis, aut obsoletis. Styli caudales per- breves, setis subasquis abdomine paulo brevioribus.
Long. y'^". — Hah. in mari Allantico, lat, aust. 9°, long. Occident. 17° 30'. — Lect. die 9 Mali, 1842.
6. Calanus furcicaudus. — Frons triangulata. Cephalothorax 4- articulatus, capite subito angustatus, postice obtusus. Antennae anticse corpore paulo breviores, duplo curvatse, apicibus fronte posteriores, ferme 24 (26 .^)-articulatae ; articulo ultimo paulo longiore ; setis bre- vibus, prope basin numerosis, apicalibus articulo paulo longioribus et anticis apice parce remotis, subapicalibus minutis. Styli caudales setae- que late divaricati, setis intequis, secundis abdomine longioribus.
Long. -^2"- — Hal), in mari Pacifico, lat. bor. 3°, long, orient. 173°. — Lect. die28 Ap., 1841.
7. Calanus arcuicornis. — Frons obtusa. Cephalothorax 4-arti- culatus, capite angustatus, postice subacutus. Antennse anticce cepha- lothorace vix longiores, leviter arcuatse, apicibus fronte vix posteriores, articulis 4 ultimis subsequis, setis perbrevibus, apicalibus articulo valde brevioribus, duabus uncinatis, subapicalibus obsoletis, prope basin pau- cis brevibus uncinatis. Abdomen angustum, lineare. Styli caudales per breves, selis strictis, rectis, abdominis longitudine.
Long. tV'. — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 32° 24', long, orient. 178° 15'. — Lect. die 9 Ap., 1840.
B. Styli caudales valde elongati.
8. Calanus tukbinatus. — Frons obtusa. Cephalothorax antice crassus, postice attenuatus (idcirco, segmentum posticum abdomine
* In his, "setffi articulo breviores" et aliis siniilibus, articulus ille has setas geiens passim intelligentus.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 13
parce latius) obtusiusculus. Antennse anticee duplo leviter curvatse, corpore breviores, tenuissima), articulis 5 ultimis subaequis ; setis totis pcirbrevibus, apicalibus subapicalibusque articulo non longioribus. Styli caudales tenues, parallel!, setis dimidio brevioribus.
Long. yV'. — Hah in mari " Sulu." — Lect. die 29 Jan., 1842.
9. Calanus stylifer. — Frons truncata. Cephalothorax curtus, postice abdomine valde latior et longe acutus, 5-articulatus, segmento ultimo brevissimo. Antennae anticse duplo paululum curvatse, apicibus fronte non posteriores ; setis perbrevibus, apicalibus et penultima pos- tica fere articuli longitudine, penultima antica et antepenultimis brevis- simis. Styli caudales tenues, fere abdominis longitudine, recti, paral- leli, setis non longioribus, una valde externa.
Long. -j-V'. — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 23° - 24°, long. occ. 41° -43°.— Lect. die 19 Nov., 1838, et 9 Jan., 1839.
10. Calanus curtus. — C. stylifero similis, sed curtior. Cephalo- tborax 5-articuIatus, segmentis 4 posticis subaequis. Antennae anticae corpore paululo longiores,* tenuissimas, duplo paulum curvatae, apici- bus fronte vix anteriores ; setis perbrevibus, apicali antica longiore, articulum non superante. Styli caudales tenues, fere abdominis lon- gitudine, vix recti, setis non longioribus, flexuosis, una valde externa.
Long. gJjj". — Hah. in mari " Sulu " ; etiam freto Sundae. — Lect. die 27 Jan., et die 2 Mar., 1842.
11. Calanus scutellatus. — Late depressus. Cephalothorax 4- articulatus, segmento antico antice forte arcuato, postice late produc- to et acuto, segmento postico utrinque longe acuto, et divaricato. An- tennae anticse corpore paululo longiores, duplo curvata;, apicibus fronte vix anteriores ; setis brevibus, apicali antica penultimaque postica ar- ticuli longitudine, aliis subapicalibus perbrevibus. Styli caudales te- nues, fere abdominis longitudine, parce divaricati.
Long. Jg". — Hah. in mari " Sulu." — Lect. die 27 Jan., 1842.
II- Set>e Antennarum Anticarum apicales subapicalibus non
LONGIORES.
A. SetcB caudales lotcB mediocres. Frons ohlusa. non elongafa. a. Cephalothorax 4-articulatus.
12. Cj»!lanus pavo. — Frons subtriangulata, obtusa. Cephalotho- rax postice obtusus. Antennae anticae corpore dimidio longiores, duplo
* I. e. stylis exciusis, ut passim.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
curvatae, articulo ultimo longiore, setis longiusculis. Abdomen brevis- simum. Slyli caudales breves, divaricati, setis fere corporis longitu- dine, latis, eleganter plumiformibus, flabellatim divaricatis.
Long. -^■^". — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 12°, long. occ. 24°. — Lect. die 9 Oct., 1838.
13. Calanus LEVIS. — Frons obtusa. Cephalothorax mediocris, postice subacutus. Antennae anticaj corpore vix longiores, dupio leviter curvatae, apicibus fronte non anteriores ; setis brevibus, 4-5 remotis longioribus, apicalibus et antica penultima fere articuli longi- tudine, posticis penultima antepenultimaque paulo longioribus, subae- quis, antica antepenultima obsoleta. Styli caudales parce oblongi, se- tis rectis, appressis, abdominis longitudine.
Long. 215-". — Hah. in mari Atlantico juxta " Rio de Janeiro." — Lect. die 7 Jan., 1839.
14. Calanus medius. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax postice ob tusus. Antennae anticae cephalothorace paulo longiores, duplo curva tae, apicibus fronte posteriores ; setis perbrevibus, 4-5 remotis longiori bus, postica apicali et antica penultima large articuli longitudine, pos tica penultima paulo breviore, postica antepenultima duplo longiore Styli caudales breves, setis appressis, abdomine brevioribus.
Long. yV"' — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. bor. 44°, long. occ. 153°. — Lect. die 6 Jul, 1841.
15. Calanus placidus. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax postice obtusus. Antennae anticae corporis longitudine, duplo leviter curvatas, apicibus fronte paulo posteriores ; setis apicalibus brevibus, posticis penultima antepenultimaque valde elongatis, antica penultima dimidio breviore. Styli caudales breves.
Long, y'g-"- — Hob. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas " Kingsmill " ; etiam lat. bor. 40°, long. occ. 157°. — Lect. die 30 Ap., et 2 Jul., 1841.
16. Calanus recticornis. — Frons obtusa. Cephalothorax postice rotundatus. Antennae anticae corpore longiores, rectissimae, apicibus fronte non anteriores, articulo prlmo (2.'') crasse oblongo, ultimo pau- lum demisso ; setis brevibus, articuli secundi subelongata, articuli an- tepenultimi postica longiore (=: 4 artic), penultimis postica et antica paulo brevioribus, apicali postica minore, articulo longiore, duabus aliis apicalibus brevibus et subuncinatis. Styli caudales breves ; setis me- diocribus, parce diffusis.
Long. tV"- — iiah. in mari " Sulu." — Lect. die 1 Feb., 1842.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 15
h. Cephalothorax 5 - 6-articulatus. 1. Cephalothorax posiice obtusus aut breviier subacutus*
17. Calanus setuligerus. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax 5 (6 ?)-articulatuis, postice obtusus, articuUs subaequis. Antennae anticae corpore paulo longiores, duplo curvatae, setis prope basin plerumque duplo longioribus quam articuli et numerosis, seta articuH sexti (forsan quinti) longiore, setis duabus posticis subapicahbus longis, subaequis, apicahbus brevibus, antica penultima longiore quam articulus. Styli caudales perbreves ; setis mediocribus, parce diftusis, secundis fere duplo longioribus.
Long. yV'. — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 6° -9°, long. occ. 21° -24°. — Lect. diebus 13-18 Oct., 1838.
18. Calanus pellucidus. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax 5- articulatus, postice obtusus, articulo ultimo brevi. Antennae anticae corporis longitudine, setis subapicalibus posticis longiusculis. Styli caudales oblongi.
Long. 2-V'' — Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 14^°, long. occ. 21°. — Lect. die 5 Oct., 1838.
19. Calanus AFFiNis. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax 5-articu- latus, postice obtusus, articulis posticis subasquis. Antennae anticae cor- poris longitudine, apicibus fronte posteriores ; setis brevibus, duabus posticis subapicalibus praelongis, antica penultima dimidio breviore, apicalibus brevibus. Styli caudales perbreves, setis diffusis, secundis fere duplo longioribus quam primae.
Long. yV'. — Hah. in mari prope insulam " Sumatra." — Lect. die 3 Mar., 1842.
20. Calanus FLAviPES. — Frons triangulata, vix prominula. Cepha- lothorax 5-articulatus, postice attenuatus, obtusus aut subacutus. An- tennae anticae corpore paulo longiores, duplo leviter curvatae, apicibus fronte vix posteriores; setas affini similes. Styli caudales oblongi, setis mediocribus, non diffusis. Abdomen 2-articulatum ; — an adultum ?
Long. y\y". — Hah. in mari Atlantico, prope " Rio de Janeiro." — Lect. die 7 Jan., 1839.
21. Calanus tenuicornis. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax 5- articulatus, postice obtusus, articulis posticis subaequis. Antennae anti- cae sesqui corporis longitudine, tenuissimae, duplo levissime curvatae,
* Angiili postici cephalotlioracis adiilti sispe elongati et subacuti aut aruti.
IG PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
apicibus frontc vix posteriores, articulis tribus ultimis subfequis ; setis brevibus, articuli tertii seta longiore, setis duabus posticis subapicalibus praelongis, antica. penultima prope dimidio breviore, apicalibus brevi- bus. Styli caudales oblongi (latitudine duple longiores).
Long. yy. — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. bor. 40', long. occ. 157°. — Lect. die 2 Jul., 1841.
22. Calanus SANGUINEUS. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax 5-ar- ticulatus, postice obtusus aut subacutus, articulis posticis subaequis. An- tennae antica3 corporis longitudine, fere rectse, apicibus fronte vix poste- riores ; setis brevibus, articuli tertii longiore, subapicalibus tenuicorni fere similibus. Styli caudales paulum oblongi, setis mediocribus, diffu- sis, secundis longioribus.
Long. y'(j". — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. bor. 32°, long. occ. 175° ; lat. bor. 44°, long. occ. 153° ; forsan in mari " Sulu." — Lect. die 28 Mail, et die 6 Jul., 1841, etiam die 28 Jan., 1842. — Var. perspicax (oculus transversim reniformis) in mari " Viti," Jul., 1840.
23. Calanus mundus. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax postice obtusus, 5-articulatus, articulis posticis subaequis. Antennae anticae cor- pora parce longiores, bene rectae, apicibus fronte non posteriores, arti- culo primo (2do ?) crasse oblongo et setis inflexis instructo ; setis per- brevibus, articuli secundi longiore, apicalibus brevibus, postica antepe- nultima longa, postica penultima duplo breviore, antica penultima pau- lo minore (articulum aequante), antica antepenultima minuta. Abdo- men 4-5-articulatum. Styli caudales breves, setis appressis, secundis longioribus.
Long. yV- — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. bor. 44°, long. occ. 154°. C. recticorni affinis ; sed cephalothorax 5-articulatus.
24. Calanus inauritus. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax pos- tice obtusus, 5-articulatus, articulo ultimo brevissimo. Antennae anti- cae fere recta, corpore paulo breviores, articulo primo valde elongate (an duplice .') tribus setis pendulis subclavatis et aliis setis brevibus un- cinalis instructo, setis apicalibus et anticis subapicalibus perbrevibus, subapicalibus posticis articulo vix longioribus, inaequis. Styli caudales breves, setis parce diifusis aut appressis.
Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 6°, long. occ. 21°. — Lect. die 22 Oct., 1838.
2. Ccphalothoraa: postick acutus, angulis posticis ahdomini appressis.
25. Calanus simplicicaudus. — Frons obtusa. Cephalothorax 5-
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 17
articulatus, segmento postico angusto et postice brevissime acuto. An- tennse anticsB corpore paulo longiores, basi arcuatse, alioque fere rec- tae, apicibus fronte parce posteriores ; setis brevibus, duabus subapica- libus posticis longis, inaequis, antica penultima duplo breviore, apicali- bus brevibus. Abdomen 2-articulatum : (an adultum ?). Styli caudales paulum oblongi.
Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. bor. 45°, long. occ. 153°.
C.Jlavipedi abdominem et angustum articulum cephalothoracis pos- ticum affinis ; antennarum anticarum setas apicales subapicalesque C. sanguineo si mills.
26. Calanus appressus. — Frons obtusa. Cephalothorax postice attenuatus, angulis posticis elongate acutis abdominem appressis, 5-ar- tieulatus, articulis posticis longitudine subaequis. Antennee anticse cor- pore paulo longiores, duplo leviter curvatse, articulo ultimo valde gra- ciliore quam penultimus ; setis brevibus, duabus posticis subapicalibus praelongis, subsequis, strenuis, antica penultima duplo breviore, apicali- bus articulo non longioribus. Styli caudales breves ; setis secundis longioribus.
Long. yV'. — Hab. in mari Pacifico, lat. bor. 25°, long, orient. 167° ; in mari juxta " Sumatra " ; etiam lat. aust. 30°, long, orient. 13°. — Lect. die 14 Mali, 1841, et die 4 Mar., et 21 Apr., 1842.
3. Cephalothorax postid longe acutus, angulis posticis remotis.
27. Calanus communis. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax pos- tice longe acutus, 5-articulatus, articulis posticis subaequis. Antennae anticse corpore paulo longiores, duplo leviter curvatae, apicibus fronte non anteriores, setis apicalibus brevibus, duabus posticis subapicalibus longis, subaequis, antica penultima quadruple breviore, setis totis aliis brevibus. Styli caudales perbreves, setis secundis duplo longioribus.
Long. y\j". — Hai. in mari Atlantico, inter lat. bor. 8° et lat. aust. 5°, long. occ. 23° -15°; etiam, lat. aust. 4^° - 1°, long. occ. 25°- 30^°. — Lect. diebus 18, 20, 27, 31 Oct., 2, 3, 8, 12 Nov., 1838 ; 13, 16 Mali, 1842.
C. afjini similis ; sed anguli postici cephalothoracis longe acuti. An distinctio vera .'*
28. Calanus amjenus. — C. communi antennas anticas setasque cau- dales affinis. Cephalothorax 5-articulatus, sed articulo ultimo brevis-" simo ; angulis posticis longe acutis.
VOL. II. 3
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Long. f\j". — Hab. in mari Pacifico prope insulas "Samoa," et in mari " Sulu." — Lect. die 26 Feb., 1841, et die 1 Feb., 1842.
29. CALANtrs BELLUs. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax postice longe acutus, 5-articulatus, articulis posticis suboequis. Antennae anticse corpore paululo longiores, vix duplo curvatse, apicibus fronte non ante- riores ; setis brevibus, tertii articuli longa, duabus posticis subapicali- bus longis, subsequis, apicalibus brevibus, antica penultima paulo lon- giore. Styli caudales breves, setis difiusis, secundis fere duplo longi- oribus.
Long. I". — Hab. in mari " Sulu," et freto " Banca." — Lect. die 2 Feb., et die 2 Mar., 1842.
C. setuligero affinis ; sed anguli postici cephalothoracis non obtusi, et setae caudales valde diffusiores. C. communi similis ; sed seta tertii articuli antennarum anticarum longa est.
B. SetcB caudales secundce longissimce. Frons sive obtusa, sive tri- angulato-acuta ; rostro longe furcato, brachiis setiformibus.
30. Calanus GRACILIS. — Gracilis. Frons rotundata. Cephalotho- rax elongatus, 5-articula1,us, postice obtusus, articulis posticis subsequis. Antennae anticae sesqui corpore longiores, rectae, 160° inter sese divari- catse ; setis brevibus, duabus posticis subapicalibus longis, apicalibus et anticis subapicalibus brevibus. Abdomen curtum, 4-articulatum. Styli caudales breves, setis secundis dimidio corporis longioribus.
Long. ^". — Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 4^°, long. occ. 25°. — Lect. die 13 Maii, 1842.
31. Calanus ELONGATUS. — Elongatus. Frons breviter triangulata subacuta, rostro longe et tenuiter furcato. Cephalothorax 4-articula- tus, antice angustatus, postice obtusus. Antenna? anticEe sesqui cor- poris longitudine, rectse, et latissime divaricates, apicibus fronte vix anteriores, articulo penultimo abbreviato ; setis plerumque brevibus, paucis remotis longiusculis, apicalibus diffusis articulo longioribus, sub- apicalibus posticis longis, insequis, antica penultima minus dimidio bre- viore, antica antepenullima obsoleta. Antennae posticae ramo curto 2-articulataB. Abdomen curtissimum. Styli caudales brevissimi.
Long. i". — Hab. in mari " Sulu." — Lect. die 1 Feb., 1842.
32. Calanus attenuatus. — Elongatus. Frons triangulata, acuta, rostro longe et tenuiter furcato. Cephalothorax antice valde angusta- tus, postice obtusus, 5-articulatus, articulo ultimo brevi. Antennae an- ticae corpore valde longiores, prope basin arcuatse, alioque rectae et
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 19
latissime divaricatae, apicibus fronte paulo anteriores, articulo penulli- mo abbreviate ; setis vix brevibus, plerumque fraclis, fere sequis, api- calibus et subapicalibus inaequis longiusculis, antica antepenultima obsoleta. Antennae posticae ramo curto multiarticulato. Abdomen curtissimum. Styli caudales perbreves, setis secundis dimidio corporis longioribus.
Lo7ig. ^". — Hah. in mari Pacifico, props insulas " Kingsmill " ; etiam in mari Sinensis, — Lect. die 13 Ap., 1841, et die 15 Feb., 1842.
C. Frons valde elongata ; rostro breviter valdequefurcalo. Setcs caudales secundce. longissimcB (?).
33. Calanus rostrifeons. — Gracillimus. Frons valde elongata, subacuta. Cephalothorax antice paulo angustior, postice rotundatus, 5- articulatus, articulo poslico brevi, articulis penultimo antepenultimoque postice acutis. Antennae anticae corpore valde longiores, leviter arcu- atae, late divaricatae, apicibus fronte anteriores, seta articuli secundi longiuscula, setis apicalibus articulo vix longioribus, duabus subapicali- bus posticis longis. Abdomen curtum. Styli caudales latitudine fere duplo longiores ; setis latissime difFusis.
Long. I". — Hah. in mari " Sulu." — Lect. die 2 Feb., 1842.
34. Calanus cornutus. — Gracillimus. Frons valde elongata, subacuta. Cephalothorax postice rotundatus, 5-articulatus, articulo postico fere obsoleto, articulis tribus precedentibus postice acutis. An- tennae anticae sesqui corporis longitudine, fere rectas, vix arcuatae, api- cibus fronte paululo anterioribus ; seta articuli tertii longiuscula, setis apicalibus et penultimis brevibus, postica antepenultima longiore. Ab- domen curtum. Styli caudales elongati ; setis valde difFusis.
Long. ■^". — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 1°, long. occ. 18°. — Lect. die 3 Nov., 1838.
Genus II. SCRIBELLA. {Dana.)
Antennce anticcB elongatae, pauci-articulatae, longe setigerae, setis difFu- sis, maris non geniculantes. Antennce posticce simplices {}). MaxiU lipedes (ct. vi.) maximi, pedibus proximis majores, 4-articulati, geni- culati et prorsum flexi. Oculi inferior es nulli. Cephalothorax 4— 5-articulatus, capite non discreto. Abdomen valde elongalum, cepha- lothorace non brevius. Styli caudales oblongi, divaricati. [Stepius, e basi pedis biremis, seta grandis lateraliter porrecta.]
Syn. — Scribella, D., Amer. Jour. Sci., Ser. 2da, T. 227.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
1. ScRiBELLA SCRIBA. — AntennsB anticse late ( 130°) divaricatse, fere corporis longitudine, 7-arliculatEe, articulis secundo, quarto et du- abus ultimis brevioribus, setis longissimis. Seta pedium biremium externa grandis, eleganter plumiformis. Abdomen 5-articulatum, ce- phalothorace longius, setis basalibus duabus longiusculis rectis. Styli caudales tenues, seta externa fere styli longitudine.
Long. -^y. — Hab. in mari Atlantic©, lat. bor. 4^° -7°, long. occ. 20° -22° ; et lat. aust. 1°, long. occ. 30° 30'. — Lect. diebus 22, 23, 24, 26 Oct., 1838, 16 Mali, 1842. Forsan in mari Pacifico, prope in- sulas " Kingsmill " ; an eadem species } — Lect. Ap., 1841.
2. ScRiBELLA SETiGER. — AntennsB anticae fere corporis longitudine, late divaricatae, 7-articulatae, articulis 3 ultimis brevissimis, tertio quar- toque praelongis, setis longissimis. Seta pedium biremium externa longa, nuda, tenuissime subclavata. Abdomen 5-articulatum, segmen- tis subsequis, setis basalibus duabus, una prselonga, altera brevi. Styli caudales tenues, seta externa valde longiore quam stylus et prope ba- sin styli insita.
Long. 21)". — Hai. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas "Kingsmill." — Lect. die 18 Ap., 1841.
3. ScRiBELLA ABBREViATA. — Antennae anticae late divaricatae, 7-ar- ticulatae, articulis duabus ultimis brevibus, tertio, quarto, quintoque sub- aequis. Setae externae pedium biremium obsoletae (an distinctio sexu- alis ?). Abdomen 4-articulatum setis basalibus dimidio abdominis val- de brevioribus, subaequis, curvatis. Styli caudales paulum divaricati ; seta externa perbrevi. — An S. setigerce femina ? Vix credo.
Long. ^V"- — Hab. in mari Pacifico, prope " Tierra del Fuego " ; etiam lat. aust. 24°, long. occ. 175° ; lat. bor. 44;}°, long. occ. 153°. — Lect. die 21 Jan., 1839 ; die 21 Ap., 1840 ; die 7 Jul., 1841.
Genus 111. EUCH^TA. (Philippi.) Frons acuta. Rostrum transversim emarginatum. AntenncB anticce. duplo leviter curvatae, nunquam minime angulo flexae, maris non geniculantes. Pedes postici (ct. xii.) ambo maris valde elongati, subulati. Pedes antici (ct. vii.) maxillipedibus (ct. vi.) majores, duplo geniculati et sub corpore gesti, penecillum setarum nudarum reflexum ferentes. Oculi inferiores nulli. Cephalolhorax 4-5- articulatus, capite non discrete.
Syn. — Euchaeta, Philippi, Archiv f iir Naturgeschichte, Vol. IX. p. 55.
6f arts and sciences. 21
1. EucH^TA COMMUNIS. — Cephalothorax nudus, 4-articulatus, pos- tice obtusus. FemincB : antennse anticse corpore vix breviores, setis paucis remotis prselongis, rectis, et aliis duabus flexis longissimis, apica- libus pra;longis, postica antepenultima fere articuli longitudine. Setse caudales rectae, secunda saepius corporis longitudine. Ova cserulea. Maris : antennae anticae corpore paulo breviores, angulo levissime flexae, setis brevibus, paucis articulum apicalem vix superantibus. Pe- des postici longissimi, longe subulati. Setae caudales abdominis longi- tudine.
Long. ■^". — Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 9° - 0°, long. occ. 17°-23°,et lat. aust. 0°- 13°, long. occ. 17°-32°. — Lect. dlebus 15, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31 Oct., et 1, 3, 5, 9, 12 Nov., 1838 ; etiam die 11 Maii, 1842.
2. EucH^TA CONCINNA. — Ccphalothorax nudus, ellipticus, capite lateraliter arcuatus, angulis posticis paulum productus et obtusus ;yem- n<2 4-articulatus, maris 5-articulatus articulo postico perbrevi. Antennae anticae corpore paulo breviores, fe7nincB, marisque iis E. communis fere similes, seta antepenultima postica brevissima. Setae caudales abdomi- ne breviores, secunda/emince fere corporis longitudine, maris abdomi- nem paulo superantibus.
Long. yV"- — Hah. in freto " Banca." — Lect. die 1 Mar., 1842.
3. EucH^TA PUBESCENS. — FemincB : Cephalothorax pubescens, capi- te lateraliter angulatus, 5-articulatus, articulo postico perbrevi, subacu- te. Antennae anticae corpore paulo breviores, setas E. communi fere similes, setis antepenultimis brevissimis. Pedes antici apice 5-articu- lati et subelongati. Abdomen 4-articulatum, articulo prime secundum longitudine duplo superante. Seta caudalis secunda ferme corporis longitudine.
Long. yy. — Hah. in mari Pacifico, in Archipel. " Paumotu." — Lect. die 29 Aug., 1839.
4. EucH^TA DiADEMA. — Femiuic : Cephalothorax pubescens, ca- pite lateraliter angulatus, 4-articulatus, postice obtusus. Antennae anti- cae fere corporis longitudine, setas E. communi fere similes, seta postica penultima dimidium poslicae apicalis superante, setis antepenultimis brevissimis. Pedes antici apice 5-7 articulati, perbreves. Abdomen elongatum,-articulo prime secundum longitudine paulo superante. Se- ta caudalis secunda corpore longior, nuda.
Long. }". — Hah. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas " Kingsmill." — Lect. diebus 23, 24, 25 Mar., 1841.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Genus IV. UNDINA. (Dana.) Antennce antica ante medium angulo leviter fle.xse, apicibus fronte posteriores, maris non geniculantes. Pedes postici (ct. xii.) maris grandes, dextro subcheliformi. Pedes antici (ct. vii.) elongati, max- illipedibus ssepe majores et valde porrecti, non geniculati. Oculi inferiores nulli. Cephalothorax 4 - 5-articulatus, capite non dis- crete.
1. Undina VULGARIS. — Frons obtusa. Cephalothorax 4-articula- tus, postice rotundatus. Antennae anticae corporis longitudine, ad ar- liculum octavum leviter reflexse ; setis brevibus, seta articuli tertii longa, flexa, setis apicalibus perbrevibus, una uncinata, postica ante- penultima longiuscula, penultimis antica posticaque paulo brevioribus, hac ad extremitatem uncinulata. Abdomen 5-articuIatum. Styli cau- dales breves, seta secunda duplo longiore.
Long. ^y. — Hab. in freto " Banca," juxta insulam " Sumatra " ; etiam in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 4° - 9°, long. occ. 174-° -25°. — Lect. die 1 Mar., et diebus 9, 13 Mali, 1842.
2. Undina simplex. — Frons obtusa. Cephalothorax postice rotun- datus, 5-articulatus, articulo ultimo breviore. Antennae anticce corporis longitudine, articulo primo elongato ; setis perbrevibus, seta articuli se- cundi longiuscula, flexa, setis penultimis articuli longitudine et rectis, postica antepenultima dimidio longiore, apicalibus minutis, una un- cinata.
Long. jV'- — Hah. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas " Kingsmill," et lat. bor. 25°, long, orient. 167°. — Lect. die 25 Mar., et die 14 Mail, 1841.
3. Undina inornata. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax postice vix acutus, 5-articulatus, articulo postico brevi. Antennae anticae cor- poris longitudine, setis perbrevibus, seta articuli secundi (tertii .') lon- giuscula, recta, seta apicali postica articuli longitudine, antica penulti- ma sublonga, postica brevi, postica antepenultima articulum vix su- perante. Styli caudales parce oblongi.
Long. tV"'~ Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 4°, long. occ. 19°. — Lect die 27 Oct., 1838.
Genus V. CANDACE. (Dana.)
Frons quadrata. Oculi inferiores obsoleti. Antennas anticcz regula- riter et breviter setigerae, transversae ; dextra maris articulatione ge- niculante. Maxillipedes (ct. vi.) pedibus proximis majores, duplo
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geniculantes et inflexi, 4 articulati, setis nudis, longis. Pedes postici maris dispares, dextro prehensili. Abdomen mediocre. Slyli cau- dales breves, setis stricte appressis. [Animal sjepius partim nigres- cens.]
Syn. — Candace, D., Amer. Jour. Sci., Set. 2da, I. 228. 1846.
1 . Candace ornata. — Maris : Cephalothorax 5-articulatus, ar- ticulis posticis quatuor, angulis posticis longe acutis, dextro longiore. Antennse e basi arcuatae, alioque recte transversa?, corpore parce bre- viores, articulo secundo paulum oblongo ; setis brevibus, quorum pau- cis secundo articulo parce longioribus, apicali postica articuli longitu- dine, postica penultima paulo longiore, antica penultima breviore. Antennarum posticarum ramus brevis tenuis, valde brevior. Pes posticus dexter mediocris, articulo ultimo subuncinato, appendice late- rali subcornea, articulum uncinatum longitudine superante.
Long. i". — Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 9° - 7°, long. occ. 19° -21° ; etiam lat. aust. 6°, long. occ. 24°. — Lect. diebus 13, 18 Oct., 8 Nov., 1838.
2. Candace pachydactyla. — Maris : Cephalothorax 4-articula- tus, angulis posticis longe acutis et seta minuta extus instructis. An- tennae anticae ferme corporis longitudine, 23-articulatae, e basi arcuatae, deinde recte transversse ; dextra 21-articulata, medio incrassulata, ar- ticulo geniculationem prsecedente valde elongato, et versus apicem subtilissime pectinato, sequente non breviore. Antennarum posticarum rami longitudine subaequi. Pes posticus dexter crassus, apice rotunda- tus, appendice laterali crasse falcata, obtusa.
Long. yij". — Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 1° - 11°, long. occ. 14° - 30°. — Lect. diebus 7, 9, 13, 16 Maii, 1842.
3. Candace Ethiopica. — Maris : C. ornaicB antennas anticas et cephalothoracem affinis. Cephalothorax 4-articuIatus. Antennae an- licae e basi arcuatae ; articulo antennae dextrse articulationem genicu- lantem precedente omnino subtilissime pectinato. Pes posticus dexter subclavatus, obtusus, seta elongata, appendice laterali setacea, longa, cornea, flexa. Antennarum posticarum ramus brevis parvus.
Long. ^y. — Hab. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 18°, long. occ. 124° ; lect. die 8 Aug., 1839 : lat. bor. 15°, long. 180° ; lect. Dec, 1841.
4. Candace ctjrta. — Maris : C. ornatcz similis. Cephalothorax 5-articulatus, postice acutus. Pes posticus dexter apice subulatus, ap- pendice laterali curia, spiniformi. Antennae anticae corpore parce Ion-
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
giores, a basi arcuatas ; articulis 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 antennse dextrae in- crassulatis, articulo 17 elongato apice prominulo, partim subtilissime pectinate, sequentibus sex brevibus, et tenuissimis.
Long. -ry. — Hah. in mari Pacifico prope " Valparaiso." — Lect. die 10 Ap., 1839.
5. Candace aucta. — Femince. : Cephalothorax 5 - 6-articulatus, postice subacutus aut obtusus. Antennse anticse fere corporis longitu- dine, e basi arcuatee, apice prorsum parce flexse, articulo secundo longo et crasso. Abdomen 2 - 3-articulatum.
Long. tJj". — Hab. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 9°, long. occ. 174° ; etiam prope insulas " Kingsmill " ; quoque in mari " Sulu." — Lect. die 26 Jan., 1841 ; die 14 Ap., 1841 ; Dec, 1841 ; die 28 Jan., 1842.
6. Candace truncata. — Femince. : Cephalothorax postice trunca- tus. Antennse anticte corporis longitudine, prope articulum. sextum flexse, deinde recte transversse et tenuissimse ; articulo secundo crasso, non longiore quam articulus tertius quartusve.
Long. ^y. — Hab. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas " Samoa " et " Kingsmill," et in mari " Sulu." — Lect. die 25 Mar., et die 1 Ap., 1841 ; die 2 Feb., 1842.
Genus VI. CYCLOPSINA. {MUne Edwards.) Rostrum furcatum. Antenna anticcB sive rectse, sive leviter curvatae, maris dextra articulatione geniculante. Maxillipedes (ct. vi.) pedi- bus proximis majores, non geniculati, setis longis spinulosis instructi. Oculi inferiores nulli. Cephalothorax 4-7 articulatus, capite soepe discrete. Antennce fosticce. iisdem Calani similes. Pes posticus dexter maris grandis et prehensilis. [Maxillipedes, et maris anten- nam anticam dextram pedemque posticum dextrum, PontellcB afiinis ; antennam posticam, oculos, et habitum, Calano similis. Si oculi in- feriores adsunt, species Pontellm pertinent.]
Syn. — Cyclopsina (C. castor), Milne Edwards. — Cetochilus? Roussel de Vauzkme. — Monoculus (M. Castor), Jurine. — Cyclops (C. castor), Desmarest. — Dioptomus (D. castor), Westivood. — Non Cyclopsina Bairdii.
1. Cyclopsina longicornis. — Frons rotundata. Ceplialothorax postice obtusus, 5-articulatus, articulis posticis acquis. Antenna3 anticas sesqui corporis longitudine, rectiusculas, setis brevibus, duabus subapi- calibus posticis prselongis, subaequis, apicalibus perbrevibus, antica pe- nultima articuli longitudine. Styli caudales breves.
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Long. ^". — Hob. in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 4°, long. occ. 21°. — Lect. die 7 Nov., 1838. — An Cetochilo septentrionali (Goodsir) affinis?
2. Cyclopsina calanina. — Gracilis. Frons triangulata. Cepha- lothorax postice obtusus, 6-articulatus, capite vix discreto, articulis pos- ticis acquis. Antennae anticse corpore longiores, tenuissimce, rectiuscu- Ids, apicibus fronte non posteriores ; setis brevibus, apicalibus anticis articuli longitudine, subapicalibus totis valde brevioribus ; antenna 77ia- ris dextra medio leviter incrassata. Styli caudales elongati, divaricati.
Long. y\y", — Hab. in mari Pacifico, prope insulam " El Gran Ce- cal."—Lect. die 25 Mar., 1841.
3. Cyclopsina tenuicoknis. — Maris : Frons triangulata. Ce- phalothorax postice fere obtusus, 7-articulatus, capite discreto, articulis posticis Kquis. Antennae anticce corpore longiores, apicibus fronte vix anteriores, tenuissimse, rectiusculEe, setis brevibus, anticis apicalibus fere articuli longitudine, postica penultima paulo longiore. Abdomen 3- articulatum. Styli caudales elongati divaricati.
Long. Jg-". — Hah. in mari Pacifico, prope insulam " Depeyster " ; lect. die 22 Mar., 1841. Etiam (?) in Archip. " Paumotu " ; lect. Aug. 13, 1839.
4. Cyclopsina gkacilis. — Maris : Antennae anticse corpore valde longiores ; abdomen 4-articulatum ; aliis C. tenuicorni similis.
Long. -j-y. — Hab. in mari Pacifico, lat. bor. 25°, long, orient. 167°. — Lect. die 14 Mali, 1841. — An var. C. tenuicornis.
Genus VII. CATOPIA. Antennas posticas et antennarum habitum anticarum Colano affinis. Antennam anticam maris dextram PontellcB affinis. Oculi superi- ores nulli ; oculus inferior unicus (?).
Catopia furcata. — Gracilis. Caput quadratum, non discretum. Cephalothorax 4-articulatus, postice 4-dentatus, dentibus acutis, exter- nis longioribus. Styli caudales oblongi, divaricati. Antennae anticae corpore longiores, duplo curvatae, apicibus fronte non anteriores ; setis totis brevibus.
Long. tV'- — Hab. in freto " Banka." — Lect. die 2 Mar., 1842.
Genus VIII. ACARTIA. {Dcma.)
Antennce anlicoe, rectiuscute, flexiles, setis irregulariter diffijsis, dextra maris non geniculante. Maxillipedes (ct. vi.) pedibus proximis ma- jores, recti, setis setulosis longis instructi. Pedes postici (ct. xii.) VOL. II. 4
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
parvuli, uni-articulati, 2 setas divaricatas gerentes. Oculi duo infe- riores et duo superiores. Setce caudales mediocres.
1. AcARTiA LIMPIDA. — Gracilis. Frons triangulata. Cephalotho- rax postice obtusus, 5-articulatus, capite discreto. Antennaj anticse late divaricatae, rectiuscultE, vix corporis longitudine, 7-8-articulata3, articulis ultimis tribus brevibus, precedentibus longis ; setis praelongis, penultima postica dimidio breviore quam apicales. Styli caudales ob- longi, tenues.
Long. 217". — Hub. prope Patagoniam. — Lect. diebus 14, 15 Jan., 1839.
2. AcARTiA NEGLiGENS. — GracilUma. Frons triangulata. Cepha- lothorax angustus, postice minute apiculatus, capite fere discreto. An- tennae anticae fere corporis longitudine, tenuissimae, latissime divari- catae, apicibus fronte paulo anteriores, 7 - 9-articulatae, articulis tribus ultimis brevibus ; setis praelongis, postica penultima apicales aequante. Styli caudales tenuissimi, oblongi, setis late divaricatis.
Long. -j^-^". — Hab. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas " Kingsmill," et lat. bor. 28°, long, orient. 171°. — Lect. diebus 15 Ap., et 17 Mali, 1841.
3. AcARTiA TONSA. — Frons rotundata. Cephalotborax postice ob- tusus, 6-articulatus, capite discreto. Antennae anticse multiarticulatae, rectae, apicibus fronte non anteriores, setis plerumque brevibus, pau- cis longiusculis (3 - 4-articulos simul sumtos longijudine aequantibus). Styli caudales perbreves.
Long. yV'- — H'^^' i" " ^'^^^ Jackson" Novi-Hollandiae. — Lect. Mar., 1840. .
4. AcARTiA LAXA. — Gracilis. Frons rotundata. Cephalotborax 4- articulatus, capite non discreto, postice longe acutus. Antennae an- ticae, rectiusculae, corpore paulo longiores, nusquam fronte anteriores, multiarticulatae, articulo primo longiore, setis longiusculis, valde inas- quis. Abdomen breve. Styli caudales paulum oblongi, setis latissime diffusis, abdomine non longioribus.
Long. j\". — Hab. in mari " Sulu," et freto " Banka." — Lect. diebus 2 Feb., et 2 Mar., 1842.
Genus IX. PONTELLA. Rostrum furcatum. Oculi duo superiores, pigmentis sive coalitis sive remotis ; duo inferiores coaliti. Anienncs anticcB multiarticulatae, setis non diffusis, antenna dextra maris geniculante. Cephalo-
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thorax 4 - 7-articulatus, segmento cephalico ssepe discrete. Max- iUipedes (ct. vi,) grandes, recti, setis longis, setulosis. Pedes aniici (ct. vii.) minores. Pes posticus (ct. xii.) dexter maris crassus, pre- hensilis.
Syn. — Pontia, Milne Edwards.* — Irenaeus, Goodsir. — Broteas, Lovin.
I. PONTELLJE CALANOIDEjE. AnTENN^ AntIC^ DUPLO CURVATjE, AD APICES FRONTE NON ANTERIORES. AwTENNiE PoSTICJS, AD APICEM •RAMI MINORIS, 3-SETIGER^.
1. PoNTELLA ELLiPTicA. — FemiiKB : Frons rotundata. Cephalo- thorax crassus, 4-articulatus, capite inermis, angulis posticis acutis, re- motis. Oculi superiores remotiusculi, inferiores minuti. Antennae anticae duplo curvaia^, apicibus fronte valde posterioribus, corpora bre- viores, setis brevibus, subapicalibus perbrevibus, apicalibus vix articuli longitudine. Styli caudales oblongi, setis valde insequis. (Cserulea, dorse saepe argentea.)
Long. yV'. — Hah. in freto " Banka." — Lect. die 2 Mar., 1842.
2. PoNTELLA BRACHiATA. — Maris: Frons subtriangulata. Cepha- lothorax 6 -7-articulatus antice angustior, inermis, angulis posticis acu- tis, remotis. Oculi superiores remotiusculi aut coaliti. Antennae anti- cae corporis longitudine, duplo curvatse, apicibus fronte non anterioribus, setis brevibus, postica penultima articulum longitudine fere duplo supe- rante, antica apicali breviore, aliis apicalibus et subapicalibus breviori- bus ; antenna dextra medio paulum incrassata, fere 23-articulata, dua- bus articulis medianis antice unidentatis, articulo antepenultimum prse- cedente elongate, duplice. Pes posticus dexter maximus, digito elonga- te, recte inflexo.
Long. yV'. — Hal. in mari Pacifico, lat aust. 42°, long. occ. 78° 45'; lect. die 3 Ap., 1839. In syrtis " Lagulhas " ; lect. die 8 Ap., 1842. — FemincB (an ejus specie! .'') frons vix triangulata ; styli caudales divaricati ; abdomen 3-articulatum [maris 4) ; anguli postici cephalo- theracis divaricati. — Lect. in syrtis " Lagulhas " die 8 Ap., 1842.
II. Antenna AnticjE ad apices fronte anteriores. A, Caput laterihus inerme.
I. Cephalothorax postice obtusus aut brevissime acutus.
3. Pontella plumata. — Femince : Frons rotundata. Cephalo-
* Pontia Papilionum generis vocabulum, itaque Pontella hie scripsa.
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
thorax curtus, obesus, 6-articulatus, capite discrete, segmento postico perbrevi, et posticc vix acuto. Antenna) antics) corpore paulo longiores, late divaricata), fere recta;, setis raris sublongis, apicalibus arliculo plus duplo longioribus, subapicalibus brevioribus. Antenna) posticae ramos valde intequa), setis ramorum et palporum sequentium fere corporis lon- gitudine, instar plumarum. Styli caudales parce oblongi.
Long. jV. — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 5°, long. occ. 21°,
4. PoNTELLA TURCICA. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax crassus, obesus, 5-6 articulatus, capite discretus, postice obtusus. Oculi su- periores approximati. Antennae anticae corporis longitudine, ferme 21- articulata), 60° -90° divaricatae et prope medium obsolete reflexae ; se- tis brevibus, penultima postica longiore quam apicales aut alise subapi- cales. Antennae posticae ramos valde inaequae, setis longis. Styli cau- dales oblongi. — Maris antenna antica dextra 10- 12-articulata, articulo subniediano late subovato et apice acuto, articulis tribus sequentibus valde elongatis, ultimo triplice.
Long. 2-^j". — Hal), in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 8^° - 0°, long. occ. 23°- 18° ; lect. diebus 15, 22, 23, 26 Oct., 1838. Lat. aust. 1° -4^°, long. occ. 174-° - 2U° ; lect. diebus 5, 6, 7 Nov., 1838. Lat. aust. 4° 30', long. occ. 25° ; lect. die 13 Mali, 1842. Lat. bor. 0° 15', long, occ. 31°; lect. die 17 Maii, 1842. In mari Pacijico prope insulas "Kingsmill"; lect. diebus 13, 28 Ap., 1841. In syrtis " Lagul- has " ; lect. die 8 Ap., 1842.
5. PoNTELLA cuRTA. — Frons Totundata. Cephalothorax curtus, crassiusculus, 5-articulatus, capite discrete, angulis posticis brevissime acutis. Antennae anticae corpore breviores, rectae, 105° divaricatae, setis brevibus, apicali antica longiore. Antennae posticae ramos valde inaequae, minore plus dimidio breviore. Styli caudales oblongi, non divaricati.
Long. ^y. — Hah. prope insulam " Mindoro " et in freto " Sun- da"; lect. diebus 24 Jan. et 4 Mar., 1842. In syrtis "Lagulhas"; lect. die 8 Ap., 1842.
6. PoNTELLA coNTRACTA. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax 6-7- articulatus, capite discrete, angulis posticis brevissime acutis, segmento postico fere obsolete. Antennae anticae cephalothorace non longiores, 100° - 110° divaricatae, rectae, ferme 17-articulatoe, setis brevibus, api- cali antica longiore. Rami antennarum posticarum valde inaequi. Styli caudales elengati. [Abdomen 2-articulatum.]
Long. I'j". — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 18J-°, long. occ. 124°
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29
30'; lect. die 7 Aug., 1839. An eadem species in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 2°, long. occ. 20° ; lect. die 6 Nov., 1838.
7. PoNTELLA MEDIA. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax 5-articula- tus, segmento postico brevissimo et valde angusto, non acute, capite vix discreto. Oculi superiores remotiusculi, inferiores parvuli. Anten- nae anticae corporis longitudine, duplo curvatae, fere transversa, aplci- bus fronte anteriores, setis brevibus, rectis, apicalibus articuli longitu- dine, postica penultima parce longiore, aliis subapicalibus brevioribus. Styli caudales oblongi. [Abdomen 2-articulatum.]
Long. 2-V". ~ Hub. in mari " Sulu " ; lect. die 27 Jan., 1842.
8. PoNTELLA CRISPATA. — FemincB : Frons subtriangulata, obtusa. Cephalothorax 7-articulatus, segmento postico brevissimo, obtuso aut subacuto. Oculi superiores remotiusculi, inferiores mediocres. Anten- nse anticae vix corporis longitudine, late divaricatae, apicibus fronte valde anterioribus. et prorsum curvatis ; setis brevibus, prope basin confertis et paucis uncinatis, apicalibus et postica antepenultima articulo parce longioribus, postica penultima paulo longiore. Styli caudales parce oblongi, setis subaequis. [Abdomen 4-articulatum.]
Long. ^^". — Hah. in mari Pacijico, prope insulas "Kingsmill"; lect. diebus 22, 26 Mar., 1841. In mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 8^-°, long. occ. 23° 45' ; lect. die 15 Oct., 1838.
9. PoNTELLA DETRUNCATA. — Frons obtusa. Cephalothorax 5-6- articulatus, capite discreto, angulis posticis recte truncatis et extus bre- vissime acutis. Antennae anticae 22-24-articulatae, vix corporis longi- tudine, late divaricatae, apicibus fronte valde anterioribus et prorsum curvatis ; setis brevibus, rectis, postica penultima longiore quam apica- les vel aliae subapicales. Styli caudales breves. Antenna dextra maris, medio incrassata, subteres, 12 - 13-articulata, articulo tertio elongate, obsolete articulato, septimo (octavo.?) brevi et subtriangulato duabus sequentibus tenuibus, longis. Pes posticus dexter 7naris crassissime cheliformis, manu subovata, pollice lateral!, obtuso, dimidio breviore, digito elongate, tenui et curvato.
Long, ^y - x'y". — Hub. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 26° 8', long, occ. 178° ; lect. die 18 Ap., 1840. Lat. aust. 5° 20', long, orient. 175° 30' ; lect. die 25 Mar., 1841 : etiam prope insulas " Kingsmill."
10. PoNTELLA siBiPLEX. — Frons obtusiuscula. Cephalothorax sub- gracilis, capite obsolete discreto, segmento postico brevi et perangusto. Oculi superiores, subremoti, inferiores mediocres. Antennae anticae
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
cephalothorace breviores, 9-articulat3e, 100° divaricatae ; setis totis bre- vibus. Styli caudales elongati. [Abdomen 2-articulatum. An speci- men adultum ?]
Long. 2V"- — Hob. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 32° 24', long, orient. 178°. — Lect. die 9 Ap., 1840.
11. PoNTELLA ExiGUA. — Gracilis. Frons obtusa. Cephalothorax 6-articulatus, capita discreto, segmento postico brevi, obtuso. Oculi inferiores maximi, valde elongati, subclaviformi. Antennse anticae corpore valde breviores, 120° (?) divaricatae, setis perbrevibus, apicali antica longiore, subapicalibus brevibus. Antennae posticae tenues, ra- mo majore plus duplo longiore. Styli caudales oblongi. [An adultum ? Abdomen 2-articulatum.]
Long. ^y. — Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 7^° et 4|°, long. oec. 23f° et 19° ; lect. diebus 16, 24 Oct., 1838.
2. Cephalothorax postice productus et acutus. * Seta antennarum anticarum apicalis setis subapicalibus brevior.
12. PoNTELLA AGiLis. — Fcmincz : p. crispatce antennas similis. Anguli postici cephalothoracis acuti, fronte rotundata. Setae antenna- rum anticarum fere rectae prope basin confertae. — Forsan P. crispatcB cephalothorax interdum postice acutus et species non difTert.
Long. ^". — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 19^°, long. occ. 38f ° ; lect. die 17 Nov., 1838 : etiam (.?) lat. bor. 9^°, long. occ. 24° 18'.
13. PoNTELLA ACUTIFRONS. — Maris : p. crispatcE. et agili similis. Anguli postici cephalothoracis acuti. Frons acuta et prominens ; ros- tro longissime furcate et valde inflexo. Setae antennarum anticarum rec- tae, prope basin fere articuli secundi longitudine, postica penultima plus duplo longiore quam apicales. Antenna dextra medio incrassulata, sub- teres 12- 13-articulata ; articulis secundo et quinto aequis, septimo bre- vissimo, octavo valde elongate, subattenuato, recto, fere duplo longiore quam none ; nono ad apicem anticam instar spinae valde producto ; ar- ticulis sequentibus (ultimis) tribus, normalibus. Pes posticus dexter latissime cheliformis, manu subquadrata, poUice breviter spiniformi, di- gito recto, apice minuto inflexo, valde breviore quam manus.
Long. \". — Hah. in mari Pacifico, prope insulam " El Gran Co- ca]," lat. aust. 5° 40', long, orient. 175° 30' ; etiam prope insulas " Kingsmill "; lect. diebus 25 Mar., 1 Ap., 1841.
14. PoNTELLA ACUTA. — Frons longe acuta, roslro brevi, vix inflexo.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 31
Cephalothorax 5-articulatus, capile discrete, angulis posticis elongatis, acutis. Oculi superiores remoti, inferiores parvi. Antennae anticae subtransversae, fere corporis longitudine, ferme 21 -22-articulatae, api- cibus fronte paulo anterioribus, et prorsum leviter curvatis, setis prope basin confertis longiusculis, postica penultima duplo longiore quam ar- ticulus, apicalibus et aliis subapicalibus brevioribus. Styli caudales oblongi. Antenna dextra maris subteres, ferme 13-articulata, articulo secundo longo, 6 sequentibus brevibus, proximis duobus elongatis et tenuibus, parce arcuatis, subaequis, 3 proximis (ultimis) normalibus. Pes posticus dexter maris latus, manu apice late orbiculata, pollice nul- lo, digito vix manus longitudine, paulum inflexo, [Cyanea. Abdomen 4-articuIatum.]
Long. yV- — -HaS. prope insulam "• Mindoro " ; lect. die 24 Jan., 1842. In mari Sinensi ; lect. die 15 Feb., 1842.
t Seta antennarum anticarum apicalis subapicalibus longior.
15. PoNTELLA RUBESCENS. — Femincz : Frons rotundata. Cepha- lothorax 6-articulatus, capita discrete, segmento septimo obsoleto, angu- lis posticis acutis. Oculi superiores remoti ; inferiores pigmentum bi- lobati. Antennae anticae fere 120° divaricatae et rectae ; setis brevi- bus, apicali vix longiore quam articulus. Ramus major antennarum posticarum fere triplo longior. Styli caudales elongati, paralleli. [Abdomen 3-articulatum.]
Long. ^y. — Hah. in mari Pacifico, prope insulam " Upolu " ; lect. die 24 Feb., 1841. Prope insulam " El Gran Cecal"; lect. die 25 Mar., 1841.
16. PoNTELLA EBiERiTA. — FemincB : Crassa. Frons obtusa. Ce- phalothorax 6-7-articulatus, capite discrete, angulis posticis longe acu- tis, segmento postico brevi. Oculi superiores remoti. Antennae anti- cae cephalothorace vix longiores, ferme 100° divaricatas, rectae. Ra- mus major antennarum posticarum fere quadruple longior. Styli cau- dales breves. [Abdomen 2-articulatum segmentis subaequis.]
Long. y'ij". — Hab. in mari prope Promenterium Bonae Spei ; lect. die 12 Ap., 1842.
17. PoNTELLA REGALis. — FemincB : Crassissima. Frons rotunda- ta. Cephalothorax 5 - 6-articulatus, angulis posticis lenge acutis, capite discrete brevi. Oculi superiores remoti, inferiores parvi. Antennae anticae cephalothorace brevieres, 100°- 110° divaricata3, duple leviter curvatae. Ramus major antennarum posticarum quadruple longior.
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Styli caudales brevissimi. [Abdomen 2-articulatum, segmento secundo brevi.]
Long. \". — Hah. in mari " Sulu " ; lect. die 27 Jan., 1842.
18. PoNTELLA PERSPiCAX. — Frons rotundata. Cephalothorax 6-ar- ticulatus, capita discrete, segmento postico non breviore, angulis posti- cis longe acutis. Oculi inferiores grandes et prorsum valde elongati. Antennse anticae corpore valde breviores, 100° - 110° divaricatfe, ferme 21-articulatce, ante medium obsolete flexee. Styli caudales elongati. Antenna antica dextra maris 9- 10-articulata,.articulo quarto lato, sub- ovato. Pes posticus dexter vix crassus ; manu angusta, breviuscula, digito vix longiore acuminate, pollice setiformi, longissimo, reflexo. [Abdomen 5-articulatum.]
Long. xV"' — ^^^- i'^ "^^i^i Atlantico, lat. aust. 0° 40', long. occ. 18° ; lect. die 3 Nov., 1838. Forsan, lat. bor. 7° 25', long. occ. 20° ; lect. die 17 Oct., 1838.
19. PoNTELLA STRENUA. — MaHs : Frons acutiuscula. Cephalo- thorax 5 - 6-articulatus, angulis posticis longe acutis, capite discrete. Oculi superiores remoti, inferiores mediocres. Antennae anticae fere corporis longitudine, 80° - 90° divaricatse, 17 - 18 articulatse, ad me- dium obsolete flexse. 'Ramus major antennarum posticarum fere triplo longior. Styli caudales breves. Antenna antica dextra maris 12 - 14- articulata, articulo mediano subovato, apice antico acute. Pes posticus dexter crassiusculus, manu ovali, breviore quam carpus, pollice tenuis- sime, acute, parce longiore, digito mediocri, subulate, rectiusculo. [Ab- domen 5-articulatum.]
Long. -jL''. — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 3°, long, orient. 175°.
20. PoNTELLA PROTENSA. — Maris : Crassa. Frons rotundata. Ce- phalothorax 5- 6-articulatus, capite discrete, brevi, angulis posticis leng6 acutis. Oculi superiores remoti, inferiores mediocres. Antennce anticae basi vix 60° divaricatae et medio fere 70°. Ramus antennarum postica- rum major plus quadruple longior. Styli caudales oblongi. Antenna maris antica dextra P. strenuce similis. [Abdomen 5-articulatum.]
Long. yV'. — Hah. in fretis " Banka " et " Sunda " ; lect. diebus 1, 4 Mar., 1842.
B. Caput laterihus armatum.
21. PoNTELLA HEBKs. — FemincB : Frons truncata. Cephalotho- rax 4-articulatus, postice rotundatus. Oculi superiores disjunct), infe-
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
33
riores parvi. Antennae anticae fere corporis longitudine, transversse, apicibus fronte paulo anterioribus, prorsum parce curvatis, prope basin setis confertis longiusculis, et una sublonga mobili. Setis apicalibus ar- ticuli longitudine, postica penultima paulo longiore, aliis subapicalibus brevibus. Styli caudales vix oblongi. [Abdomen 3-articulatum.]
Long. ^^". — Hab. prope insulam "Sumatra"; lect. die 3 Mar., 1842.
22. PoNTELLA FRivoLA. — FemiTKE P. hehetis similis. Sed cephalo- thorax postice acutus ; abdomen 4-articulatum. An species differt ? — Lo7ig. yV'- Hab. prope insulam " Sumatra"; lect. die 3 Mar., 1842.
Maris (an hsec species?) antenna antica dextra 9-articulata, subte- res, incrassulata, articulis 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 totis longis, 3 sequentibus (ulti- mis) normalibus, arliculo quarto longiore et crassiore, subcylindrico. Antennse posticse tenuissimae, ramis fere Eequis. Abdomen 4-articula- tum, tenue ; stylis parce oblongis. Anguli postici cepbalothoracis acu- ti, dextro longiore. — Long. ^y. Hab. in marl " Sulu" ; lect. die 28 Jan., 1842.
23. PoNTELLA DETONSA. — Caput discrctum, subtriangulatum, fronte cbtusiuscula. Cephalothorax 7-articulatus, segmento septimo brevissi- mo, postice obtuso aut obtusiusculo. Oculi superiores remoti, inferio- res subgrandes, vix elongati. Antennae anticas cephalothorace brevio- res, rectse, fere 100° divaricatse, 20-22-articulat8e, setis totis perbrevi- bus. Styli caudales elongati, vix divaricati. Antenna dextra maris paululum incrassata, teretiuscula, ferme 20-articulata. [Cyanea ; in- terdum dorso margaritacea. Abdomen 3-articulatum.]
Long.y-^-^". — Hab. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 18° 10', long, occ 125° 20' ; lect. die 8 Aug., 1839. Lat. aust. 12° 45', long. occ. 171° ; lect. die 5 Feb., 1841. Lat. aust. 11°, long. occ. 170° ; lect. die 1 Feb., 1841. Lat. aust. 5° 30', long, orient. 175° 50', prope insu- lam " El Gran Cecal " ; lect. die 25 Mar., 1841. Prope insulam " Mindoro " ; lect. die 24 Jan., 1842.
24. PoNTELLA ARGENTEA. — Caput discrctum, subtriangulatum, fron- te obtusum. Cephalothorax 5 (-6)-articulatus, postice brevissime acutus articulis tribus posticis suboequis. Oculi superiores remoti, inferiores subgrandes non elongati. Antennae anticse cephalothorace breviores, fere 90° divaricatse et levissime incurvatre, 18 - 20-articulat3e, setis to- tis perbrevibus, duabus apicalibus subuncinatis. Styli caudales parce oblongi. [Viridescens, dorso argentea. Abdomen 3-articulatum.]
VOL. II. 5
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Long. xV- — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 40° 35', long. occ. 60°, prope " Rio Negro." — Lect. die 24 Jan., 1839.
25. PoNTELLA sPEciosA. — Caput discretum, subtriangulatum', fronte obtusum. Cephalothorax 5-7-articulalus, postice acutus aut obtusius- culus. Oculi superiores remoti, inferiores mediocres. Antennae anticse cephalothoracis longitudine, fere rectse, prope 110° divaricatse, 21 -22- articulatae ; setis brevibus, apicali antica et penultima postica longiori- bus, articulum paulo superantibus. Styli caudales oblongi. Antenna dextra maris pauci-articulata, articulo quinto late ovato. Pes posticus dexter maris crassus, manu lata apice truueata et obtuse dentata, pol- lice e basi manus producto, elongato, spiniformi, digito prselongo, incur- vato. l^Maris cephalothorax 6-articulatus, et abdomen 4-articulatum ; color viridis, dorso argenteus. FemincR cephalothorax 7-articulatus, segmento ultimo brevissimo ; abdomen 3-articulatum ; color ochreus, medio Isete ruber.]
Long. Jj", — Hob. prope fretum Sundse ; lect. die 4 Mar., 1842.
26. PoNTELLA PRiNCEPS. — FemiucB : Caput discretum, subtriangu- latum, fronte obtusiusculum. Cephalothorax 6-articulatum, postice lon- ge acutus, articulis tribus posticis subasquis. Oculi superiores remoti ; inferiores mediocres parce elongati. Antennse anticce cephalothorace parce breviores, rectiusculse, ferme 110° divaricatas, setis brevibus, api- cali antica longiore. Styli caudales perbreves. [Cyanea, dorso mar- garitacea. Abdomen 4-articulatum, distortum.]
Long. ^". — Hah. in mari Pacifico, prope insulam " Tongatabu " ; lect. die 29 Mar., 1840.
27. PoNTELLA FERA. — Caput vix discretum, subtriangulatum, fronte rotundatum. Cephalothorax 6 - 7-articulatus, postice obtusus aut obtusi- usculus, segmento postico brevissimo. Oculi superiores remoti, inferi ores grandes, non elongati. Antennse anticae vix cephalothoracis Ion gitudine, ferme 21-articulatae, 130° divaricatse, setis prope basin sub longis, confertis, aliis brevibus, apicali antica et penultima postica ar ticulo vix longiore. Styli caudales elongati, divaricati. Antenna an tica dextra maris subteres 11 - 12-articulata, articulo secundo longo tertio brevissimo, quarto sub quintum producto, proximo spinam inver sam ferente. Pes posticus dexter maris tenuis, manu subcylindrica digito tenuissimo, ad apicem spatulato et concavo.
Long. -j-y. — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 11° - 12° 45', long, occ. 170° - 171° ; lect. diebus 1, 5 Feb., 1840.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 35
Familia IV. CORYC^IDiE.
Oculi duo grandes plus minusve remoti, lenticulls duabus prolatis max- imis, et cornels oblatis instar conspicillorum, construct! ; quoque duo oculi connati minutissimi. Antennce anticce pauci-articulatse, simplicissimge. Antennce. posticcE simplicissimse. Pedes mandibu- lares maxillaresque brevissimi. Sacculi ovigeri duo.
Genus I. CORYC^US.
Corpus crassum, antice rotundatum. Conspicilla fronte affixa. An- tennce. posticcB pedibus anticis majores. Pedes antici sexu vix dissi- miles digito subuncinato tenuique confecti. Abdo7ncn pauci-articula- tum, appendicibus basi nuUis, stylis caudse styliformibus.
1. ANTENNJi POSTIC^ MACRODACTYLiE, DIGITO NON BREVIOKE
QUABI CARPUS.*
A. Seta; caudales stylis valde hreviores. [ Cephalothorax postice {ad segmentum tertium) acutus, segmento quarto minore.]
1. CoRYC^us GRACILIS. — Ccphalothorax gracilis, ventre non cari- nato. Antennae anticae breviter setulosce. Conspicilla fere contigua. Antennarum posticarum carpus digito brevior, seta longa, setulosa. Abdomen uni-articulatum, apice subcylindrico fere triple longius, basi angustum. Styli caudales abdomine breviores, setis brevissimis.
Long. -g^ij". — Hab. in mari Allantico, lat. bor. 1° 30', long. occ. 18° 20', et lat. aust. 2° 20', long. occ. 20°.
2. CoRYC^us DECURTATUS. — Cephalothorax ventre carinatus. An- tennae anticae breviter setulosae. Conspicilla fere contigua. Antenna- rum posticarum carpus digito brevior seta nuda elongata, etiam seta altera setulosa breviore. Abdomen basi crassum, apice subcylindrico fere quadruple longius. Styli caudales vix dimidii abdominis longitu- dine, setis brevissimis.
Hab. in mari Pacifico, prope insulam " Duke of Clarence."
3. CoRYC^TTS DEPLUMATUS. — Conspicilla remotiuscula. Antennee anticae brevissime setulosae, 7-articulatae. Antennarum posticarum car-
* Carpus est articulus elongatus antennarum posticarum secundus (aut primus et secundus simul sumti). Digitus articulis tertio qiiartoque compositus, plus minusve discretis. Carpus seta longa sive nudi sive setulos^ ad basin ornatus, et sspe un4 duabusve lateralibus aut apicalibus.
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
pus digito brevior, seta setulosa longa, et alia nuda. Abdomen uni- articulatum, tenue. Styli caudales vix dimidii abdominis longitudine ; setis plus dimidio brevioribus,
Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 9° 20', long. occ. 24° 15'.
4. CoRYCiEUS VARius. — Cephalolhorax crassus. Conspicilla remo- tiuscula. Antennae anticse longe setulosse. Antennarum posticarum carpus digito brevior, seta longa, nuda. Abdomen 2-articulatum, seg- inento secundo cylindrico, breviore quam primum. Styli caudales ab- domine paulo breviores, setis dimidio brevioribus.
Long. 2V"- — Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 7° 25', long. occ. 22° ; lat. aust. l°-7°, long. occ. 18° -21°. In mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 15° 30', long. occ. 138° 30' ; lat. aust. 33°, long, orient. 153° 30', prope Australiam ; quoque prope insulas " Ladrones."
5. CoRYC^trs LONGiSTYLis. — Cephalothorax crassus. Conspicilla remotiuscula. Antennse anticae longe setulosse. Antennarum postica- rum carpus digito vix brevior, ad apicem internum dentiformis, nudus et acutus, seta basali longa, nuda ; digito setam nudam ad basin ferente. Abdomen uni-articulatum, dimidio apicali cylindrico. Styli caudales tenues, abdomine valde longiores, setis perbrevibus.
Long. y\f". — Hab. in mari Sinensi.
B. Setce. caudales stylis non valde breviores, scepe longiores.
* Cephalothorax postice obtusus.
6. CoRYCXus OBTUSUS. — Conspicilla lata. Antennae anticae tenues, setis longiusculis. Antennarum posticarum carpus digito non brevior, seta longa nuda. Abdomen 2-articulatum, subtus ad basin apiculatum, segmento secundo dimidium primi longitudine superante. Styli cau- dales dimidii abdominis longitudine, setis stylo parce longioribus.
Long. ^L". - — Hab. in mari Pacifico, prope insulam " El Gran Ce- cal."
f Cephalothorax postice acutus.
7. CoRYC^us CRASSiuscuLUS. — Cephalothorax crassiusculus, seg- mento quarto postice subacute. Conspicilla contigua. Antennarum posticarum carpus digito vix brevior, seta nuda. Abdomen uni-articu- latum, apice subcylindrico fere dimidio breviore quam pars basalis el- liptica. Styli caudales dimidium abdominis longitudine superantes, setis paulo longioribus.
Long. jV'. — Hab. in mari " Sulu," prope insulam " Panay."
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
37
8. CoRYC-EUS LATiCEPS. — Ccphalothorax crassus, segmento quarto breviter acuto. Conspicilla remotiuscula. Antennae anticae 7-articula- tae, setis dimidio brevioribus. Antennarum posticaruni carpus digito paulo brevior, seta longa, nuda. Abdomen 2-articulatum ; segmento secundo cylindrico, dimidio breviore. Styli caudales dimidio abdomi- nis breviores, setis parce longioribus.
Long. ^jj". — Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 4° - 5°, long. occ. 19° - 22°, et lat. aust. 0° 15' - 1°, long. occ. 18° 30', et 31°.
9. CoRYC^us viTREUs. — Cephalothorax crassus, segmento quarto brevissime acuto. Conspicilla remotiuscula. Antennae anticse longe setulosae. Antennarum posticarum carpus digito vix brevior, seta nu- da, longa. Abdomen 2-articulatum, apice cylindrico brevi. Styli cau- dales dimidii abdominis longitudine, setis stylos paulum superantibus.
Long. yV'- — H*^^- ^^ ^^^^ Pacifico, lat. aust. 18°, long. occ. 124° 30'.
10. CoRYC^us AGiLis. — Ccphalothorax crassiusculus, segmento quarto subrectangulato. Conspicilla remotiuscula. Antennas anticae breviter setulosae. Antennarum posticarum carpus digito paulo bre- vior, seta longa, nuda. Abdomen 2-articulatum, crassum, segmento secundo tenuiter subcylindrico, paulo breviore quam primum, Styli caudales tenuissimi, dimidio abdominis longiores, seta paulo breviore.
Long. Tjy. — Hab. in mari Pacifico, prope insulam " Tongatabu."
11. CoRYC^us ORiENTALis. — Cephalothorax crassus, segmento quar- to rectangulato, subacuto. Conspicilla remota. Antennae anticae bre- viter setulosae. Antennarum posticarum carpus digito paulo longior, seta longa, nuda, digito articulis duabus subsequis composite. Abdomen 2-articulatum, ad basin infra rectangulatum. Styli caudales breves, setis vix longioribus.
Long. ^-q". — Hab. in mari " Sulu," prope insulam " Panay.^'
2. Antennje Postic^ microdactylje, digitus carpo brevior. A. Seta carpi antennarum posticarum nuda.
* Styli caudales abdomine non breviores. Digitus carpo paulo brevior.
12. CoRYC^us LAUTUS. — Cephalolhorax ad segmentum quartum ob- tusus. Conspicilla remotiuscula. Antennae anticae longissime setulo- sae. Antennarum posticarum carpus digito paulo longior, seta longa, nuda, digito subaequ^ 2-articuIato, et ad basin setam nudam longam fe-
38 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
rente. Abdomen 2-articulatum, segmentis fere aequis. Styli caudales tenuissimi, abdomine valde longiores, setis perbrevibus.
Long. ^y. — Hah. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas " Kingsmill."
Digitus carpo valde brevior, uncinatus.
13. CoRYC^us spEciosus. — Cephalothorax ad segmentum quartum longe acutus. Conspicilla non contigua. Antennse anticae setis longis- simae. Abdomen 2-articulatum, articulo primo crasso, secundo cyliii- drico, dimidio breviore. Styli caudales abdomine longiores, divaricati, setis brevibus. [Pedes biremes 4 posteriores utrinque protensi.]
Long. -j-y. — Hah. in mari Atlantic©, lat. bor. 5° - 7°, long. occ. 21° -22°.
14. CoRYCiEus REMiGER. — Cephalothorax ad segmentum quartum longe acutus, Conspicilla remota, parvula. Antennse anticce setis lon- gissimae. Abdomen 3-articulatum, segmento ultimo subito angustiore, cylindrico. Styli caudales ferme abdominis longitudine, divaricatae, se- tis stylo paulo brevioribus. (C specioso pedes biremes similis.)
Long. ^y. — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 11°, long. occ. 29°.
t Styli caudales abdomine breviores. [Cephalothorax postice (ad segmen- tum tertium) longe acutus.]
15. CoRYc^us LATUS, — Cephalothorax crassus, segmento quarto postice longe acuto. Conspicilla remota. Antennas anticae mediocri- ler setigerse. Abdomen crassum, postice attenuatum, segmento ultimo subcylindrico. Styli caudales dimidio abdominis breviores, divaricati, setis paulo longioribus.
Long. 2-V"- — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 3° 45' - 4° 20', long, occ. 19° 30' - 18° 30' ; etiam lat. aust. 6° 20', long. occ. 24°.
16. CoRYC^us VENUSTUS. — Cephalotliorax mediocris, segmento quarto breviter acuto. Conspicilla remotiuscula. Antennae anticae longe setigerae. Antennarum posticarum carpus digito fere duplo Ion- ' gior, apice interno dentiformi, seta longa, nuda, digito subaeque 2-arti- culato. Abdomen 2-articulatum, segmento primo paulo latiore et lon- giore. Styli caudales abdomine paulo breviores, divaricatae, setis ab- dominis longitudine.
Long. xV"- — Hah. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas " Kingsmill."
B. Seta carpi antennarum posticarum setulosa. [^Cephalothgrax pos- tice longe acutus.^
17. CoRYC^us FELLUCiBus. — Ceplialolhorax gracilis, ventre max-
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 39
ime carinato. Conspicilla fere contigua. Antennas anticae 7-articula- toe, setis fere brevibus. Antennarum posticarum carpus ad apicem in- ternum apiculatus, digito brevi. Abdomen 1-articulalum, apice oblique truncate. Styli caudales dimidio abdominis longiores, setis vix majo- ribus.
Long. ^\". — Hai. in mari Atlantic©, lat. bor. 4° -7°, long. occ. 19° 30' -21° 30'; quoque lat. aust. 2° 20', long. occ. 20°.
18. CoRYC^us coNciNNTJS. — C. pellucido similis. Cephalothorax paulo crassior ; abdomen gracilius ; styli breviores, dimidium abdomi- nis longitudine non superantes. Antennae anticse 3-articulat8e.
Long. 2-y. — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 15° 35', long. occ. 138° 30' ; quoque leucas 80 ab insula " Tongatabu " versus austrum.
19. CoRYc^us PRODucTus. — Antennae anticse 5 - 7-articulatae, bre- vissime setulosse. Antennarum posticarum carpus ad apicem acutus, et digitus brevis, 3-articulatus. Abdomen elongatum, ad apicem obli- que non truncatum. Styli caudales dimidio breviores, setis stylo paulo longioribus.
Long. T^^". — Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 8° 35', long. occ. 23° 40'.
20. CoRYC^us LONGICAUDATUS. — Ccphalothorax mediocris, seg- mento quarto longe acuto. Conspicilla fere contigua. Antennae anticae 7-articulat8e, setis longiusculis, antenna brevioribus. Antennarum pos- ticarum carpus ad apicem internum acutus, et digitus parvulus, 3-arti- culatus. Abdomen mediocre, subellipticum. Styli caudales longiores, setis dimidio brevioribus.
Long. -J^", — Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 5°-0° .50', long. occ. 18° - 20° ; quoque lat. aust. 2° 20', long. occ. 20°.
Genus II. ANTARIA.
Corpus crassum, antice rolundatum. Conspicilla fronte affixa. An- ienncn posticce parvae, ad apicem breviter setigerae, pedibus anticis (ct. vii.) non majores, carpo postice angulato. Pedes antici sexu vix dissimiles (.'■), digito tenui subuncinato. Abdomen pauci-articula- tum. [Cephalothorax postice obtusus.]
I. Antaria crassibiana. — Pedes antici pervalidi, antennis posticis valde majores, articulo secundo abdomen longitudine fere cequante. Abdomen 3-articulatum, segmentis primo tertioque perbrevibus. Styli caudales abdomine triple et setae duple breviores.
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADE5IT
Long. -jV'- — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 1°, long. aust. 18°.
2. Antaria gracilis. — Conspicilla remota. Pedes antici medio- cres, antennis posticis paululo majores. Abdomen sensim atlenuatum. Styli caudales abdomine quadruplo breviores, setis dimidio abdominis longioribus.
Long. ^y. — Hob. in man Atlantico, lat. bor. 5° - 7°, long. occ. 21° -22° ; lat. aust. 2° 20', long. occ. 20°.
3. Antaria obtusa. — Conspicilla remota, parvula. Pedes antici parvuli, antennis posticis paululo majores. Abdomen sensim attenua- tum, apice obsolete 3-articulatum. Styli caudales dimidio abdominis paulo breviores, setis longiores. Cephalothorax postice rotundatus.
Long. -^jj". — Hal. in mari " Sulu," prope insulam " Panay."
Genus HI. COPILIA.
Corpus depressum, fronte late quadratum, et conspicilla ad angulos anticos gerens. Antenncz posticcB digitiformes, digito elongato, subu- late. Abdomen pauci-articulatum appendicibus ad basin nuUis.
1. CopiLiA MiRABiLis, — Cephalothorax fronte latus, parce excava- tus postice paulo latior, segmentis posticis latere obtusis, postice ad api- cem dorsalem spinigero. Antennae posticae ad articulum primum setu- losae, digito longo. Abdomen tenue, cephalothoracis dimidio brevius, obsolete 5-articulatum. Styli abdomine longiores, tenuissimi.
Long. yV'- — Hah. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas " Kingsmilk"
2. CopiLiA QTJADRATA. — Cephalothorax antice bene quadratus, fron- te parce excavatus, segmentis latere obtusis, postico brevissimo. Ab- domen 4-articulatum, tenue, segmentis secundo tertioque non longiori- bus quam primum, quarto dimidium abdominis longitudine superante et lateribus parce excavato. Styli abdomine longiores, tenuissimi.
Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 15° 20', long. occ. 148° ; quoque lat. bor., prope long, orient. 165°.
Genus IV. SAPPHIRINA. Corpus depressum. Sexus antennas posticas stylosque caudales simi- les, et abdomen, pedesque antici {vel maxillipedes, ct. vii.) dissi- miles. AntemKz posticce. pediformes, digito tenui, 2-articulato, ad apicem unguiculato. Ahdomen femina 5 - 6-articulatum, thorace subito angustius, appendices breves ad basin latere gerens ; maris 4 -5-articulatum, thorace subito non angustius, appendicibus nullis.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 41
Pedes antici maris digitum elongati,/eOTmce breves. Styli caudales laminati. — Mares saepe Isete opalini aut fulgide metallini, interdum caerulei. Femince, soepius incoloratiB, plus mlnusve pellucidse ; inter- dum opacae et azulese.
1. Conspicilla conjuncta.
1. Sapphirina iris. — Antennae posticte abbreviatae, digito dimidii carpi longitudine. Lamellae caudales tenuiter falciformes, divaricati ; setis tribus, duabus apicalibus dimidio styli longioribus, altera externa. — Femincs: Corpus gracillimum valde elongatum (latitudine maxima plus quintuple longius). Conspicilla fronte insita. Abdomen 6-articu- latum, segmento primo sequentibus vix angustiore. Maris : Corpus lineari-ellipticum, antice rotundatum. Conspicilla inferiora, fronte re- motiuscula.
Long. ^". — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 41°, long. occ. 76° 24'.
2. Sapphirina angusta. — Digitus antennarum posticarum carpo valde (non duplo) brevior. Lamellae caudales elongatse, subovatae, ad apicem internum prominulo, subacute ; setis quatuor, duabus apica- libus dimidio lamellte brevioribus, aliis duabus externis brevioribus. — FemincB: Corpus valde elongatum (latitudine maxima fere quadruple longius). Conspicilla fronte insita. Abdomen 6-articulatum, segmen- to primo angustiore, tertio, quarto, quintoque lunatis et latus acutis, pri- mo secundoque fere aequis.
Long. ^". — Hab, in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 43°, long. occ. 78° 45' ; etiam ad syrtas " LaguUas," lat. aust. 35° 50', long, orient. 23°.
3. Sapphirina elongata. — Digitus antennarum posticarum tenuis, dimidio brevior quam carpus. Lamellae caudales latse, breviter ovatae, apice interno vix prominulo, setis quatuor, totis dimidio lamellae brevio- res. — FemincB : Corpus anguste elongatum, valde convexum. Con- spicilla fronte insita. Abdomen 5-articulatum, segmento primo parvu- lo, secundo majore sed valde minore quam sequens, sublunato.
Long. yV'. — Hab. in mari Pacifico, lat. bor. 15°, long, orient. 179°.
4. Sapphirina metallina. — Lamellae caudales fere rectanculatae, apice subtruncatae, setis quatuor apicalibus subaequis, parce breviori- bus quam lamellae. — Maris : Corpus valde depressum, angustato-el- lipticum, 9-articulatum, segmento ultimo tecto, primo oblongo, quarto dimidio breviore quam quintum.
Lo7ig. -iV'- — Hab. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas " Kingsmill."
5. Sapphirina coruscans. — Digitus antennarum posticarum paulo
VOL. II. 6
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
brevior quam carpus, tenuis, unguiculo elongate. Lamellae caudales subovatse, ad apicem rotundatae, apice interne setam brevem gerentc, setis aliis quatuor, totis brevibus (lamella fere quadruple brevioribus). — Maris : Corpus depressum, elongato-ovatum, postice angustatum, segmento prime (fere duplice) parce oblongo, aliis segmentis fere si- milibus. Conspicilla fronte insita, prominentia.
Long. -j^". — Hab. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 18° 10', long. occ. 125° 30'.
6. Sapphirina in^qualis. — Digitus antennarum posticarum carpo non brevior, tenuis, unguiculo brevi. Lamellae caudales oblongse, sub- ovatae, apice interne prominulo, subacute, setis quatuor, setis dimidio lamellae non longioribus. — FemincB : Corpus longe ovatum, segmen- tis cephalothoracis tribus ultimis dissimilibus, segmento ultimo breviore et latere acuto, penultimo obtuse. Conspicilla fronte insita. Abdo- men 6-articulatum, segmento primo fere obsolete aut tecto, secundo postice acuto.
Long. yV'. — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 43°, long. occ. 78° 45'.
7. Sapphirina ovata. — Digitus antennarum posticarum ferme lon- gitudine carpi, articulis duabus digiti subaequis. Lamellae caudales gra- ciles, lanceolatae, parce divaricatae ; setis 4-5, una interna, una aut duabus apicalibus, et aliis duabus externis, totis dimidio lamellae valde brevioribus. — FemincB : Corpus valde depressum. Cephalothorax ovatus, segmento antico paulo oblongo, segmentis duobus ultimis la- tere rotundatis, ultimo angustiore. Conspicilla fronte insita. Abdo- men elongato-ellipticum, 5-articulatum, segmento primo non angusti- ore. — Rubescens.
Long. Y2-". — Hah. in freto " Balabac," prope insulam " Borneo."
8. Sapphirina splendens. — Digitus antennarum posticarum tenuis, carpo vix brevior. Lamellce caudales ovato-rotundatae, apice interno acuto ; setis quatuor, duabus apicalibus dimidio lamellae non longioribus, aliis externis. — Maris : Corpus valde depressum, ovatum. Conspi- cilla fronte insita. Segmento primo (vix duplice) transverse, aliis lon- gitudine subaequis, latere obtusis.
Long. tV'- — Hab. in mari Pacifico, prope insulam " Assumption," lat. bor. 19° 30', long, orient. 144° 30'.
9. Sapphirina ovalts. — Digitus antennarum posticarum crassus, carpo fere longior, articulis digiti valde inaequis, unguiculo dimidium digiti longitudine acquante. Lamellae caudales ovatae, setis quinque, una
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
43
interna, duabus apicalibus, et aliis externis, totis paulo brevioribus quam lamellae. — FemincB : Corpus valde convexum. Cephalothorax el- lipticus, 5-articulatus, segmento antico non oblongo, postico parvo. Conspicilla fronte insita. Abdomen 5-articulatum, segmento primo mi- nore, latere truncate, tertio quartoque lunatis. — Opaca, azalea.
Hab. in mari Pacifico, prope insulam " Tongatabu," versus Aus- trum.
10. Sapphirina detonsa. — Digitus antennarum posticarum tenuis, carpo paulo brevior, unguiculo dimidii digiti longitudine. Lamella? caudales approximatee, subovatae, latitudine plus duplo longiores, setis brevissimis (obsolescentibus). — Femincs : Corpus valde convexum. Cephalothorax ellipticus, 5-articulatus, segmento primo non oblongo, aliis latera obtusis. Conspicilla fronte insita. Abdomen 5-articula- tum, segmento primo fere obsoleto aut tecto, secundo latere obtuso, ter- tio quartoque lunatis. — Translucens, brunnescens.
Long. yV'. — Hab. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 15°, long. occ. 138° 45'.
11. Sapphirina indigotica. — Digitus antennarum posticarum te- nuis, fere carpi longitudine, et unguiculo fere dimidii digiti. Lamellae caudales subovatae, apice interne vix prominulo, setis quatuor, duabus apicalibus, aliis externis, totis dimidio lamellae vix brevioribus. — Feini- nee : Corpus valde convexum. Cephalothorax ellipticus. Conspicilla fronte insita. Abdomen 6-articulatum, segmento primo parvulo, tertio, quarto, quintoque lunatis, — Opaca, et azulea.
Long. yV'. — Hab. in mari Pacifico, lat. bor. 28°, long, orient. 177°.
12. Sapphirina orientalis. — Digitus antennarum posticarum te- nuis, ferme carpi longitudine, unguiculo minus dimidio digiti. Lamel- lae caudales breviter ovatae, prope apicem internum dente acuto arma- tae, setis quatuor, duabus apicalibus, aliis externis, totis brevibus, vix dimidii lamellae longitudine. — Maris : Corpus valde depressum, sub- ovatum, 10-articulatum, segmento antico latiore et paulo transverso, aliis sensim angustioribus. Conspicilla fronte insita. — Femince {?) : Corpus convexum. Cephalothorax ellipticus, 5-articulatus, segmento antico non transverso, postico ad latus truncate, angulis posticis acutis. Conspicilla fronte insita. Abdomen 6-articulatum, segmento primo mi- nore, lateribus truncatis, secundo lateribus rotundatis, tribus sequentibus lunatis. — Maris color, opalinus ; femincB indigoticus, opacus.
Long. j\j". — Hab. in mari " Sulu."
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
2. Conspicilla non contigua.
13. Sapphirina ovato-lanceolata. — Digitus antennarum postica- rum dimidio carpi paulo longior, articulis duabus digiti valde inaequis. Lamellae caudales latitudine duplo longiores, non divaricatse, setis quin- que, totis brevibus, una brevissima ad apicem internum insita. — Ma- ris : Corpus ovato-lanceolatum, 10-articulatum, segmento antico vix ob- longo, tribus penultimis lunatis et latera subacutis aut obtusis. Con- spicilla subremota, inferiora, et fronte remota. Splendide opalina. Long. j". — FemincB : Corpus ovato-lanceolatum, abdomine (articulo primo brevissimo excluso) vix angustiore. Cephalothorax 4-articulatus, segmento antico fere duplice, aliis inter sese similibus, latere obtusis. Conspicilla remotiuscula, fronte insita. Abdominis segmenta secun- dum tertium quartumque late sublunata ea latere subacuta. — Vix dia- phana. — Long. ^V'-
Hab. in mari Atlantico, prope " E.io de Janeiro " ; quoque lat. aust. 23°, long. occ. 41°.
14. Sapphirina gebima, — Digitus antennarum posticarum carpo parce brevior, tenuis, articulis duabus digiti valde insequis, unguiculo brevi. Lamellae caudales subellipticae, latitudine duplo longiores, ad- apicem internum minute apiculato, setis quatuor, brevibus, duabus api- calibus, aliis externis. — Femince : Corpus gracillimum, elongatum. Cephalothorax 5-articulatus articulatione prima fere obsoleta, segmen- to antico parce oblongo, posticis inter sese similibus, sensim minoribus. Abdomen valde angustius, 6-articulatum, segmentis primo secundoque subaequis, sequentibus vix lunatis. Conspicilla remotiuscula, inferiora, prope frontem insita. — Maris : Corpus oblongo-subellipticum 10-ar- ticulatum, segmento antico paulo transverso, posticis ad latis non acu- tis. Conspicilla remotiuscula, inferiora et fronte remota. — Color ma- ris opalinus et flammeus ; feminm null us, sacculorum pallide cyaneus.
Long. 'I". — Hah. in mari Australis, ad syrtas " LaguUas." — An SapphirincB indicatori pertinet .''
15. Sapphirina bella. — Digitus antennarum posticarum tenuis, ferme carpi longitudine, articulis digiti fere aequis, unguiculo parvulo. Lamellae caudales divaricatae, angustae, lanceolatae, setis quatuor, dua- bus apicalibus, aliis externis, totis perbrevibus. — Maris : Corpus ova- tum, 9-articulatum, segmento ultimo tecto, antico parce oblongo, ad la- tus totis obtusis. Conspicilla parvula, remotiuscula, inferiora, prope frontem insita. — Splendide versicolor.
Long. ■^~'. — Hah. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas " Kingsmill."
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 45
16. Sapphirina opalina. — Digitus antennarum posticarum tenuis, carpo fere longior, unguiculo brevi. Lamellae caudales suborbiculatae, apice interno producto, acuto, setis dimidio lamellse vix longioribus. — Maris : Corpus ovatum, 10-articulatum, articulatione prima fere obso- leta, segmento postico tecto, quatuor penultimis latere ad angulos pos- ticos acutis, Conspicilla remotiuscula, fronte insita. — Splendide opa- lina.
Long. ^". — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 1° - 0°, long. occ. 17° - 18° ; quoque lat. aust. 4° 30', long. occ. 25°.
17. Sapphirina versicolor. — Digitus antennarum posticarum te- nuis, carpo vix longior, unguiculo longiusculo (dimidium digiti longitudi- ne fere sequante). Lamellae caudales latae, latitudine breviores, apice interno producto et acuto, setis quatuor, brevissimis. — Maris :■ Corpus ovatum, 10-articulatum, segmento antico transverso, semicirculari, aliis longitudine subsequis, quatuor penultimis ad latera minute acutis. Con- spicilla remotiuscula, fronte insita. — Opalina. — S. opalince affinis.
Long. -ySj". — Hab. in mari Atlantico, prope " Rio de Janeiro," lat. aust. 24°, long. occ. 43°.
18. Sapphirina tenella. — Digitus antennarum posticarum tenuis, carpo longior, unguiculo parvulo. Lamellae caudales latitudine duplo longiores, setis dimidio lamellae valde breviores, una ad apicem inter- num fere obsoleta. — Femina, : Cephalothorax ovatus, 5-articulatus, articulatione prima fere obsoleta, segmento antico non transverso, pos- ticis inter sese similibus, angulo postico subacuto. Abdomen angus- tum, 6-articulatum, segmento primo brevissimo, secundo latere obtuso, tribus sequentibus lunatis. Conspicilla remotiuscula, fronte insita. — Maris : Corpus longe ovatum, 10-articulatum, postice segmentis sen- sim minoribus, segmento antico semicirculari, lateribus obtusis. Con- spicilla remotiuscula, fronte insita. — Maris corpus diaphanum, pul- chre versicolor ; femincs. subdiaphanum, non coloratum.
Long. tV-tV- — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 20° -23°, long. occ. 38° 45' -41° ; quoque lat. aust. 4^°, long. occ. 25° ; quoque lat. aust. 24°, long. occ. 43°. — An S.fulgenti (M. Edwardsii) pertinet ?
19. Sapphirina obesa. — Lamellse caudales latae, subellipticaj lati- tudine non duplo longiores, setis brevissimis, fere obsoletis, una ad api- cem internum vix dispicienda. — Feminm : Cephalothorax late subova- tus, convexus 5-articulatus, segmento antico transverso, ultimis duobus duplo brevioribus quam tertio, quarto ad angulos rotundato, quinto ad angulos subacuto. Abdomen 5-articulatum, segmento primo brevissi-
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
mo, tribus sequentibus lunatis. Conspicilla remotiuscula, fronte insita. — Brunnescens.
Long. yV'. — Hah. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas " Kingsmill."
20. Sapphirina obtusa. — Lamellae caudales elongatae, non divari- catae, setis dimidio lamellae valde brevioribus. — FemincB : Cephalotho- rax convexus, 4-articuIatus, ad frontem subtruncatus, segmento antico oblongo, lateribus fere parallelis, angulis posticis rotundalis, segmentis aliis dissimilibus, secundo ad latus truncate, tertio rotundato, quarto (vel ultimo) medium ad latus angulato. Abdomen angustum, 5-articulatum, segmento primo parvulo, tribus sequentibus sublunatis. — Rubescens.
Long. J^". — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 43°, long. occ. 78° 45'.
Familia V. MI R AC ID .E.
Oculi duo conspicillis maximis constructi. AntenncB posticce ad api- cem setigerse. Pedes mandibulares maxillaresque brevissimi. Ah- domen feminse (an maris quoque ?) 6-articulatum. Sacculus ovige- rus unicus.
Genus MIRACIA,
Corpus elongatum, non depressum, ad frontem duas appendices falci- formes subtus gerens. Antennce anticce appendiculatfe, flexiles at non geniculantes. Pedes antici (ct. vii.) mediocres, uni-unguicula- ti ; pedes duo sequentes biremes, lateraliter porrecti. Pedes abdom- inis longe setigeri. Seics caudales elongatse. — Setella, affinis, sed conspicilla oculorum diversse.
1. MiRACiA EFFERATA. — Corpus 10-articu!atum, segmento antico valde latiore, aliis sensim attenuatis. Conspicilla fronte insita, maxima, valde prominentia, contigua. Antennae anticae mediocres, 7-articulataB, articulis tertio quinto septimoque brevibus. Styli caudales oblongi, se- tis duplo longioribus. — Cyanea.
Long. ^y. — Hah. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 4° - 7°, long. occ. 20° - 21° 30' ; quoque lat. aust. 4° 30', long. occ. 25°.
2. MiRACiA GRACILIS. — Corpus gracile, scnsim postice attenuatum, 10-articulatum, segmento antico non latiore. Conspicilla maxima, paulo prominentia, fronte insita. Antennae anticae tenuissimae, articu- lis secundo, quarto, duobusque ultimis brevibus. Styli caudales oblon- gi, setis quadruple longioribus, fere corporis longitudine. — Cyanea et viridis.
Long. tlV"- — Hah. in mari Pacifico, lat. aust. 32° 24', long, orient. 177° ; quoque prope insulam " Sunday."
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 47
Tribus 2. DAPHNIACEA (vel Cladocera).
Corpus testa plerumque tectum, capite antennisque posticis sospius exclusis. Pedes plures natatorii. AntenncB anticce. ssepe obsolete, raro elongatse. Oculus compositus. [Membra tota cephalothoracis mandibularia, maxillaria, pediformiaque 12 - 16.]
Tribus hujus familise sunt : —
1. Penilid^. — Pedes duodecim. AntennfB anticce obsolescentes.
2. Daphnid^. — Pedes decern. Antennae anticae sive obsoletse sive uni-articulatae.
3. BosMiNiD^. — Pedes decem. Antennae anticae elongatse, multi- articulatse.
4. PolyphemidjE. — Pedes octo. Antennae anticae obsolescentes.
Familial. PENILIDiE.
Genus PENILIA. (D.)
Caput discretum, longe rostratum. Antennce. posticce grandes, ramis duobus 2-articulatis. Abdomen non inflexum, stylis duobus corneis confectum.
1. Penilia avirostris. — Testa dorso valde tumida, postice late bi- cuspidata et ad medium profonde excavata, marginibus infero postico- que per denticulos eleganter armata. Setae appendicium abdominis dorsalium stylis caudalibus breviores.
Long. 2^\y"- — Hab. in porto " Rio Janeiro." — Lect. die 24 Dec, 1838.
2. Penilia orientalis. — Testa dorso tumida, postice late bicuspi- data, ad medium paulo excavata, marginibus infero posticoque per den- ticulos eleganter armata. Setae appendicium abdominis dorsalium sty- lis caudalibus fere duplo longiores.
Long. -J^". — Hab. prope fretum " Sunda." — Lect. die 5 Mar., 1842.
Familia II. DAPHNID^.
Genus I. DAPHNIA.
Abdomen inflexum. Antennce anticce obsolescentes. Antennce posticce birameae, ramis 3 - 4-articulatis. Intestina non convoluta.
1. Daphnia textilis. — Valde tumida, subglobosa, paulo oblonga,
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
post medium paulo latior, postice breviter subtriangulata, obtusa. Ca- put breve, brevissime acuteque rostratum, superne visum breviter sub- triangulatum, obtusum. Rami antennarum valde ina;qui, tri-articulati. Testa reticulata areolis bene hexagonis.
Hub. in stagnis prope portum " Sandal wood " ad insulam " Vanua" Lebu " in archipelago " Viti."
2. Daphnia australiensis. — Valde tumida, paulo oblonga, capite per constrictionem vix discreto ; post medium altior, postice subtrian- gulata, obtusa, dorso postico subtilissime denticulate. Caput breve, superne visum triangulatum, obtusum. Rami antennarum posticarum suba3qui, setis longiusculis. Testa reticulata, areolis longe angustissi- meque linearibus, obliquis, prope marginem valde latioribus.
Hah. in stagnis prope urbem " Sydney" Novi-HoUandise.
3. Daphnia macrura. — Gracilis, elongata, testa postice aculeato- producta, aculeo tenui, paulo breviore quam corpus. Caput grande, corpore non humilius, supra non discretum infra nee rostratum ; fronte latere visa rotundata, superne visa bene acuta. Corpus ad margines dorsales infero-posticosque et aculeus subtilissime denticulati.
Hah. in stagnis prope urbem " Sydney " Novi-Hollandiae.
Genus II. SIDA.
Abdomen rectum. Aiitennce. anticce fere obsoletae. AntenncB posticce birameae, ramo uno 2-articulato. Intestina non convoluta.
SiDA angusta. — Angusto-oblonga, postice parce altior et rotundato- truncata, capite valde discreto, fere oblongo, paulo humiliore quam cor- pus, fronte obtusa. Abdomen testa fere omnino tectum. Antennae anticse fere corporis longitudine, ramis basi brevioribus, 2 et 3-artlcula- tis, uno ramo setis paucis ciliato.
Hah. in stagnis ad insulam " Vanua Lebu."
Genus III. LYNCEUS.
Abdomen inflexum. Intestina convoluta. Antennce anticce fere obso- letae. Antenna posticce parvae.
Lynceus latifrons. — Valde tumidus ; latere visus rotundatus, papite indiscreto, brevissimo, rostrato, rostro gracili, acuto, ad corpus stricte appresso ; superne visus, fronte latissime truncata parce angus- tiore quam corpus, latere postico breviter triangulate et obtuso.
Hah. in stagnis ad insulam " Vanua Lebu."
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
49
Familla IV. P OL YPH E MIDiE. Pedes octo. Oculus maximus.
Genus POLYPHEMUS. Caput discretum, magnum. Antennce biramese, validae.
Polyphemus brevicaudis. — Testa postice tumida rotundata. Ca- put oblongum (paulo brevius quam testa reliqua), conoideum, antice latius et globulare. Rami antennarum suba^qui 3-articulati, parce seti- geri. Pedes crassi. Abdomen non inflexum, breve, crassum, parce exsertum, furcatum, ad apicem acutum.
Long. -jV'- — Hai. in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 41°, long. occ. 62°. — Lect. die 25 Jan., 1839.
Tribus 3. CYPRIDACEA (vel Ostracoda).
Corpus testa bivalvi omnino tectum, postice incurvatum, capite anten- nisque nunquam exclusis. Perfesnulli biremes nee natatorii. Oculi vel simplices vel compositi. Antenn(B quatuor. [Membra cepha- lothoracis mandibularia, maxillaria, pediformiaque numero decem.]
Genus I. CYPRIS. (Midler.)
Testa integra, ad frontem nee perforata nee incisa. Oculus unicus. AnienncE anticce. setigerse, subnatatoriee. AntenncR posticcB subpedi- formes, setigerse. Pedes mandihulares 3 - 5-articulati. MaxiUcB quatuor, breves. Pedes quatuor, duo uncinis longi confecti, duo sequentes graciles, 4 - 5-articulati, ad ova pertinentes.
1. Cypris speciosa. — Oblonga, subovata, antice angustior, subtus fere recta, vix excavata, alioque bene arcuata, altitudine latior et plus duplo longior ; ad marginem anticum pubescens, posticum breviter ciliata. Flava et Isete viridis, areis flavis paucis imperfectis viridi cir- cumdatis.
Hab. in stagnis prope urbem "Rio de Janeiro." — Lect. Dec, 1838.
2. Cypris albiba. — Latere visa, breviter subelliptica, extremitates fere sequa, late rotundata, subtus recta, supra obsolete gibbosa ; triplo longior quam latitudo, non duplo longior quam altitudo, margine pu- bescente. Oculus margine superno remotus. Albido-margaritacea, postice et superne paulo brunnea.
Long. ^V"- — Hab. in stagnis prope " Valparaiso."
VOL. II. 7
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
3. CiTRis Chilensis, — Latere visa, subovata, post medium parce altior, subtus paululo arcuata, dorsum vix gibbosa, triplo longior quam latitudo, diiplo longior quam altitude, marginibus antico infero poslico- que pubescentibus. Antennae anticae 7-articulatae, setis dimidio cor- poris vix longioribus.
Long. -^^". — Hah. in stagnis prope " Valparaiso."
4. Cypris pubescens. — Brevis ; latere visa, latissime fabiformis, subtus recta, extremitatibus late et seque rotundatis, dorso bene arcuato ; siiperne visa, late ovata, fronte subacuta ; ad totam superficiem pubes- cens. Antennae anticae 7-articulatae, setis vix longioribus quam 5 articuU ultimi simul sumti. Antennae posticae crassiusculae, articulo ultimo fere dimidii penultimi longitudine, setam longam ad apicem gerente, penultimo ad apicem longe setigero. — Pallide olivacea.
Hab. in stagnis prope urbem " Sydney " Novi-Hollandiae.
5. Cypris Vitiensis. — Longe subfabiformis ; latere visa, altitudine plus duplo longior, subtus recta, dorsum arcuata, ante medium paulo altior, extremitate antica latius rotundata ; superne visa, subelliptica, ante medium vix latior, antice subacuta, postice rotundata, latitudine duplo longior ; ad totam superficiem pubescens. Antennae anticae 7- articulatae, articulis quinque ultimis inter sese longitudine fere aequis, setis antenna brevioribus.
Long. -^jj". — Hah. in stagnis prope portum " Nailoa," ad insulam " Vanua Lebu," in archipelago " Viti."
Genus II. CYPRIDINA. [Milne Edwards.)
Testa breviter rostrata corpus omnino tegens, et clausa. Oculi duo compositi, remoti. AntenncB antica setis paucis inaequis ad apicem instructae, setis rectis, saepe divaricantibus, vix natatoriis. Antennce posticcE 5-7 articulis brevissimis longe et plumose setigeris confec- tae. Pedes mandibulares 5-articulati, digitiformes, apicem unguicu- lati. Maxillce, sex, breves, breviter setigerae, paris secundi laminam ciliatam ad basin gerentes, setis longis, plumosis. Pedes duo, lon- gissime vermiformes, omnino flexiles, ad ova pertinentes, ad apicem setis spinulosis partim reversis armati. Aldomen spinulis biseriatis confectum.
1. CYPpiDiNA LUTEOLA. — Compresso-ovoidea ; latere visa, late ellip- tica, antice breviter rostrata, fronte non prominula, marginibus aliis ar- cuatis, postice non gibboso ; superne visa, angusto-ovata, antice acuta.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 51
postice rotundata. Digitus pedis mandibularis ad basin crassus, sensirn attenuatus. Antennae anticse ad apicem 4- 5-setigerae, setis antenna non longioribus. — Luteola.
Long. yV'. — Hub. in mari " Sulu."
2. Cypridina PUNCTATA. — Compresso-ovoidea, punctata ; latere vi- sa, late ovalis, postice gibbosa, infra supraque asque arcuata, antice bre- viter rostrata, fronte prominula, rostro gracili, acuminato ; superne visa, angusto-elliptica, extra mitatibus rotundatis. Spinulse caudales decern.
Hab. in mari " Sulu."
3. Cypridina olivacea. — Subovoidea ; latere visa, oblongo-subel- liptica, dorsum parce arcuata, postice truncata et sparsim ciliata, antice rostrata, rostro ad apicem rectangulato, fronte prominente ; superne vi- sa, longe ovata, antice obtusa, postice subtruncata. Antennae antic<E setis corpore longioribus ad apicem instructae. Spinuls caudales oclo. — Olivacea.
Long. yV'. — Hab. in mari " Sulu."
4. Cypridina gibbosa. — Latere visa, angusto-subovata, infra su- praque arcuata, postice valde gibbosa, antice breviter rostrata, rostro acuto, fronte prominula. Antennae anticae tribus setis longis aliisque brevioribus ad apicem instructse, setis antenna paulo brevioribus. Spi- nulse caudales sexdecim. — Fere incolorata. Phosphorescens.
Long.^^". — Hab. in mari Pacifico, lat, aust. 15° 20', long. occ. 148°. — Lect. die 10 Sept., 1839.
5. Cypridina Formosa. — Compresso-ovoidea ; latere visa, breviter elliptica, infra supraque valde arcuata, margine postico interrupto, non gibboso ; superne visa, angusto-elliptica, extremitatibus obtusis. An- tennas anticae longe setigerae, setis antenna parce longioribus. Pedes mandibulares digitum tenues. Spinulse caudales decern. — Pallide pur- purea et maculis leete purpureis notata.
Long. yV'. — Hab. in mari Pacifico, prope insulam " Upolu." — Lect. die 26 Feb., 1841.
Genus III. CONCH^CIA. {Dana.)
Testa interdum breviter rostrata, corpus omnino tegens, fronte aperla. Oculi simplices. Antennce anticce 3-4-articulat8e, apicem longe se- tigerae. Spiculum inter antennas sarcosum, simplex, exsertiJe. Anten- nce posticce 5 - 7-articulatEe, articulis brevissimis longe setigeris con- fectae, ramo altero brevi. Pedes mandibulares ferme 5-articuIati,
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
non unguiculati, apice interne articuli primi saepius etiam basi interne secundi simul corneis (instar mandibulse) et denticulatis. Maxillce quatuor. Pedes quatuor, tenues. Abdomen spinulis blseriatis con- fectum.
1. CoNCH^ciA AGiLis. — Supemh visa, longe ovata, antice rotunda- ta, postice acuta ; latere visa, oblonga, subrectangulata, antice paulo al- tior, frontem instar rostri paulo producta, postice recte truncata angulo superno acute rectangulato. Spiculum sagitto-capitatum. Antennae anticse S-articulatae, setis rectis ad apicem curvatis, una crassiore et prope apicem subtilissime denticulata. Pedes mandibulares 5-articula- ti, articulo secundo valde oblongo, recto, sequentibus sensim attenuatis. — Viridescens.
Long. rj]y". — Hab. in mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 0° - 4°, long. occ. 17° 30' - 20° 10' ; lat. aust. 0° - 6°, long. occ. 17° 30' - 24°. — Lect. diebus 25, 26, 27, 29 Oct., et 2, 3, 5, 8 Nov., 1838.
2. CoNCH^ciA ROSTRATA. — C. agili similis. — Pedes mandibulares sensim non attenuati, articulis duobus apicalibus fere aequis, vix oblon- gis, setis longis. Pedes penultimi ultimis duplo longiores longeque se- tigeri.
Hah. in mari Pacifico, prope insulas " Kingsmill."
3. CoNCH^ciA BREViROSTRis. — Siipcme visa, brevissime elliptica, extremitatibus subacutis ; latere visa literae kz> formam similis, dorsam fere recta, postice rotundata, fronte prominula, et truncata. Antennae anticae setis inaequis, seta longiore curvata prope apicem incrassata, nuda. Spiculum capite cylindrico. Antennae posticae 7-articulatae, articulo secundo non duplo longiore quam sequentes simul sumti. — Albida. Testa lineis parallelis subtilissimfe notata.
Long. yV'- — -f-^^^- '" ™^^i Atlantico, lat. aust. 23°, long. occ. 41° 10'. — Lect. die 19 Nov., 1838.
4. CoNCH^ciA iNFLATA. — Supevue visu, brevissime ovata, frontem rotundata, postice subacuta ; latere visa subrotundata, dorsum fere rec- ta, literae ^^ formam similis, angulis rotundatis, fronte obsolete promi- nula. Spiculum cylindricum. Antennae anticae 3-articulatPe, setis lon- gis, una subclavata, nuda. Antennae posticae 7-articulatae, articulo se- cundo plus duplo longiore quam 5 ultimi simul sumti. Pedes mandi- bulares 5-«articulati, articulo secundo brevi, non longiore quam tertius, basi longe et crasse producto, primo ad apicem pariter producto, his processubus duobus corneis denticulatis instar mandibulae.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 53
Long. jV'. — Hub. in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 1°, long. occ. 18° ; et lat. aust. 11°, long. occ. 12°. — Lect. die 5 Nov., 1838, et die 6 Mali, 1842.
SuBORDO 2. CORMOSTOMATA.
Os rostriformis. — Tribus quatuor sequentes : —
I. MoNSTRiLLACEA. — Corpus elongatum (Cyclopi simile). Maxillae pedesque antici obsoleti. Pedes postici octo natatorii.
II. Caligacea. — Corpus seepius depressum. Maxillse pedesque toti numero 12 - 14, octo pedes ultimi plerumque natatorii, plurimi testa tecti.
III. Lern^acea. — Corpus depressum aut vermiforme. Antennae pe- desque partim obsoleti.
IV. Nymphacea. — Corpus breve, araneiforme, abdomine obsolescente.
Tribus I. MONSTRILLACEA.
Genus MONSTRILLA. (Dana.)
Cephalothorax fere cylindricus, 4-articulatus. Abdomen 5- 6-articula- tum. Antennce dusR. Ocw/i duo simplices ; quoque oculus inferior sicut Poniellis. Trimcus buccalis parvulus subconicus, maxillis pe- dibusve non munitus. Pedes octo, natatorii.
MoNSTRiLLA viRiDis. — Gracilis, postice attenuata. Oculi remoti. Antennae 5-articulat8e, setis antenna brevioribus. Abdomen 5-articula- tum, segmento secundo breviore quam primus vel secundus. Styli caudales oblongi, parvi, divaricati, setis 5 subaequis, diffusis. — Lsete graminea.
Long. I". — Hob. in mari " Sulu." — Lect. die 3 Feb., 1842.
Tribus 2. CALIGACEA.
Familiae quinque sequentes : —
1. ArgulidjE. — Corpus antice late peltatum. Ovarium externum nullum. Pedes antici large tubulati, suctatorii.
2. Caligid^. — Corpus antice late peltatum. Ovarium externum tubiforme, rectum, ovis uniseriatis. Pedes quatuor antici subprehensi- les. Antennae posticae carapace tectse.
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
3. DiCHELESTiD^. — Corpus depressum, valcle angustum. Anten- na3 posticae carapace non tectae. Ovarium externum tubiforme, ovis uniseriatis.
4. Ergasilid^. — Coryc(2is affines. Corpus vix depressum, plus minusve Cyclopiforme. Antennee posticae carapace non tectae. Ova- rium externum elongatum aut sacculiforme, ovis non uniseriatis.
5. NicoTHoiD^. — Corpus plerumque Cyclopiforme, sed e lateribus longissime alatum. Ovarium externum sacculiforme, ovis non unise- riatis.
Familia II. CALIGID^.
Subfamiliae Caligidarum nobis sunt : —
1. Caligin^. — Truncus buccalis subovatus, obtusus. Maxillcz trunco remotiusculas, postice aculeo-elongatae. Tubum ovigerum ex- ternum rectum. Corpus antice latius. (Genera sunt Caligus, Lepe- ophtheirus, Chdiimus, Caligeria, Calistes.)
2. Pandarin^e. — Truncus buccalis tenuis acuminatus. Maxillae ad truncum appressse, parvulae, lamellatae. Tubum ovigerum externum rectum. Corpus postice interdum latius. (Genera sunt Pandarus, Trehius, Nogagus, Specilligus, Dinematura, Phyllophora, Euryphora, Lepidopus.)
3. Cecropin^. — Truncus buccalis tenuis, acuminatus. Maxillae ad truncum appressae. Tubum ovigerum externum sub testam convolu- tum. Corpus postice latius. (Genera sunt Cecrops, LcBtnargus.)
Caligaceorum segmenta corporis auctoribus saepe male data. Seg- mentum abdominis anticum, ovarium externum gestans, thoracis posti- cum saepe vocatum.* In Cyclopaceis Caligaceisque ovarium externum ad segmentum secundum abdominis normalem semper pertinet. Si haec animalia Cyclopaceis Crustaceisque aliis comparentur, affinitates veras educemus. Tabula sequens, membris ordine enumeratis, haec comparationem exhibet.
* Vide Hist. J\fat. des Crustaces, par M. Milne Edwards, III, 445 et seq.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
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Subfamilia 1. CALIGINiE. Genus I. CALIGUS.
Cephalothorax 2-articulalus ; segmento antico late peltato, fronte discis duobus suctatoriis plerumque instructa ; postico parvulo, non alato. Oculi simplices pigmento unico conjunct!. Antennce posticce prehen- siles, et extus basin ssepius spina crassa nnunitse. Pedes duo antici
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or ARTS AND SCIVCES.
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Caligus (Lepeophtheirus) Bagr — Carapax subrotundatus, . suctatoriis non niunitus : segmentu secundum fere oblonguni. men 3-articulatum, segmcnlo primo ililo laliore ; segmenlis duo- posticis siinul sunitis oblongis, ano roininente. Styli caudalcs ili ad angulos abdominis posticos insu ;iiiuni vix superantes. An- Ti posticae spina extus basin non rnuta'. Furcula simplex, bra-
divergentibiis, subaculis. — Femin : Abdominis segmentum iim valde oblongum, poslice truncatu, antice angustius, lateribus lelis. — Maris : Segmentum abdciiiiis primum latum, paulo iguni, subhcxagonum. Pedes pari si cundi crassissimi, digito ) setuque interni armato, margine nuns interno fere recto, pol- nullo.
>ng. ^". — Hab. in corpus et intus oncula Hagri, juxtn " Rio de iro." — Lect. Nov., IKiH.
r»|
Genus II. CALISII. Dana.)
l;o similis. Ccphalolhorax 2-articntns, scgmcnto postico non ito. Pedes duo postici biramci, subiiaiorii.
affinis, ceil coplialdtliornx non 3 "' ad triincutn bu
•'■!•! et mnxilhr nee liiniollnrcH, noc ■ |irt;s»ii'.
LisTES Trigoms. — Femittce : Cc|aIotborax subrotundatus, dis- ictntoriis nullis. Segmentum secuiuin parvum, lateribus rotun- men 3-arliculatum, segmen primo lato, sequentibus li- ix pronpiii'iiie. Styli caudas styliformes, oblongi. An- .1 longa extufiasin munita). Furcula sim- lu.xiUaj posticacuieo-furcata}. Pedes pos- . i ibaequis, selis longis. — Seg-
I, angulis rotundatis, duobus jrevioribus quam primum,
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56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
verwiformes, bifidi ; * duo proximi sequentes subprehensiles digito aculo confecti ; sex sequentes nalatorii ; duo reliqui simplices, ver- giformes. Venter furcula parvula armatus. Abdo7ne7i 2 - S-arUc\i- latum, appendicibus caudalibus sublamellatis, marginem setigeris. [Sexus, antennas posticas, pedes paris secundi, et forniam abdomi- nis, valde dissimiles.]
1. Caligus Thymni. — Carapax oblongus, discis suctatoriis subfron- tem munitus. Abdomen 3-articulatum, segmento primo ad basin lato, sequentibus duplo latiore ; ano valde prominente. Styli caudales parvu- li, ad angulos abdominis posticos insiti, anum vix superantes. Anten- nae posticse spina extus basin non munitae. Furcula simplex, brachiis divergentibus, subacutis. — Femince : Abdominis segmentum primum oblongum, lateribus rectis et postice parce divergentibus, angulis posti- cis prominentibus ; segmentis duobus sequentibus simul sumtis elonga- tis, et fere longioribus. — Maris : Abdominis segmentum primum sub- quadratum, angulis posticis vix prominentibus, segmentis sequentibus simul sumtis brevioribus.
Long, f ". — Hah. in corpus Thymni pelamys mari Atlantico, lat. bor. 27°, long. occ. 19° 30'.— Lect. die 27 Sept., 1838.
2. Caligus productus. — Femince : Carapax ovatus, discis suctato- riis subfrontem munitus. Segmentum secundum angustum. Abdomen 3-articulatum, segmento primo ad basin perangusto ; ano non prominu- lo. Styli caudales parce oblongi, terminales. Antennae posticae ad basin postice acutae et extus basin spina munitas. Furcula simplex, brachiis parce divergentibus, tenuibus, acutis. — Segmentum abdomi- nis anticum oblongum, subellipticum, angulis posticis longe crasseque productis, sequentibus angustis, fere lineatis.
Long. ^". — Hah. intus operculum Thymni pelamys., in mari Atlan- tico, lat. bor. 27°, long. occ. 19° 30'. — Lect die 27 Sept., 1838.
3. Caligus gracilis. — Femince. : Carapax oblongus, fere ellipticus, discis suctatoriis rotundatis. Segmentum secundum transversum, bre- vissimum. Abdomen 2-articulatum, segmento antico fere quadrato, postico angustiore, parce oblongo, postice truncate. Styli caudales ter- minales, paulo oblongi. Furcula ventralis simplex, brachiis divergenti- bus, truncatis. Antennae posticae spina oblonga extus basin munitse.
Long. l". — Hah. in corpus Serrani, in mari juxta " Rio de Ja-
neiro."
Extremitas bifida articulo tertio et apice secundi elongate composita.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 57
4. Calighs (Lepeophtheirus) Bagri. — Carapax subrotundatus, discis suctatoriis non munitus : segmentum secundum fere oblongum. Abdomen 3-articulatum, segmento primo valde latiore ; segmentis duo- bus posticis simul sumtis oblongis, ano prominente. Styli caudales parvuli ad angulos abdominis postieos insiti, anum vix superantes. An- tennae posticse spina extus basin non munitae. Furcula simplex, bra- chiis divergentibus, subacutis. — Femince : Abdominis segmentum primum valde oblongum, postice truncatum, antice angustius, lateribus parallelis. — Maris : Segmentum abdominis primum latum, paulo oblongum, subhexagonum. Pedes paris secundi crassissimi, digito acuto setaque interna armato, margine manus interno fere recto, pol- lice nuUo.
Long. ^". — Hob. in corpus et intus opercula Bagri, juxta "Rio de Janeiro." — Lect. Nov., 1838.
Genus II. CALISTES. {Dana.)
Caligo similis. Cephalothorax 2-articulatus, segmento postico non alato. Pedes duo postici biramei, subnatatorii.
Trebio affinis, ced cephalothorax non 3-articulatus et maxillae nee lamellares, nee
ad truncum buccalem appressse.
Calistes Trigonis. — FemincB : Cephalothorax subrotundatus, dis- cis suctatoriis nullis. Segmentum secundum parvum, lateribus rotun- datis. Abdomen 3-articulatum, segmento primo lato, sequentibus li- neatis, ano vix prominente. Styli caudales styliformes, oblongi. An- tennae posticae spina cornea longa extus basin munitae. Furcula sim- plex, brachiis parallelis. Maxillae postice aculeo-furcatae. Pedes pos- tici natatorii, ramis 3-articulatis, parce subaequis, setis longis. — Seg- mentum abdominis primum subquadratum, angulis rotundatis, duobus sequentibus fere aequis et simul sumtis non brevioribus quam primum, lineatis.
Long. ^". — Hob. in corpus speciei Trigonis. — Lect. juxta " Rio de Janeiro," Dec, 1838.
Genus III. CALIGERIA. [Dana.)
Caligo similis. Cephalothorax 2-articulatus, segmento postico bialato. Pedes duo postici biramei, setis brevibus, non natatoriis.
Caligeria BELLA. — FemiucB : Cephalothorax rotundatus, discis suc- tatoriis nullis. Segmentum secundum transversum, angulos postieos alatum, alis latis, approximatis, margine toto arcuato. Abdomen 3-
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imettmM
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uar
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58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
articulatum, segmento primo lato, tertio postice truncate, lamellis cau- dalibus latis, paulo oblongis, contiguis, setis lamella brevioribus, fere sequis. Furcula simplex, tenuis, basi angustissimo, brachiis divergenti- bus. Pedes postici tenues, ramis valde insequis, ramo breviore 2-articu- lato, altero 3-articulato. — Segmentum abdominis primum paulo oblon- gum, subellipticum, angulis posticis rotundatis, segmentis sequentibus dimidio angustioribus, non oblongis, subaequis.
Hah. in branchias speciei Thynni, in mari Atlantico, lat. aust. 11°, long. occ. 14°. — Lect. die 7 Maii, 1842.
Subfamilia 2. PANDARINiE.
Genus I. NOGAGUS. {Leach.)
Cephalothorax 4-articulatus, fronte arcuata, segmento secundo ad latera postice producto, duobus sequentibus non alatis. Abdomen stylis brevibus sublamellatis setigerisque confectum. OcuK simplices, remotiusculi ; (an quoque oculus subtilissimus intermedius ?). Pedes paris secundi crass^ cheliformes ; pedes natatorii octo, grandes.
NoGAGUs VALiDus. — FemiTicB? Carapax paulo oblongus, ellipticus, segmento secundo ad latera postice producto, segmentis duobus sequen- tibus transversis. Pedes secundi paris crassissime cheliformes, pollice brevi, truncate, digito obtuso. Abdomen 2-articulatum, segmento an- tico subquadrato, angulis posticis prominulis ; segmento postico brevi, transverse, angulis posticis truncatis. Styli caudales late lamellati, paulo oblongo, setis tribus plumosis.
Hab. in corpus Squali, mari Pacifico prope Novi-Zealandiam. — Lect. die 15 Ap., 1840.
Genus II. SPECILLIGUS. (Dana.)
Nogago segmenta cephalothoracis pedesque affinis. OcuU duo re- motiusculi, et consjncillis grandibus instructi, eisque Sapphirinae similes.
Specilligus curticaudtjs. — FemincBl Carapax oblongo-ellipticus, antice arcuatus, discis suctatoriis post antennam anticam munitus. Segmentum secundum ad fatera postice productum, tertium quarto la- tius et dimidio carapacis parce latius. Pedes secundi paris crassissime cheliformes, pollice brevi truncate, digito obtuso. Abdomen 2,articu-
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 59
latum, scgmento antico pauIo oblongo, angulis posticis truncatis et se- tam minutam gerentibus, segmento postico brevi, ano prominente ; stylis parvulis, triangulatis, ad angulos insitis, anum non superantibus, setis tribus, plumosis.
Hab. in corpus Squali, mari Pacifico prope Novi-Zealandlam. — Lect. die 15 Ap., 1840;
Genus III. PANDARUS. {Leach.)
Cephalothorax 4-articulatus, carapace grand i, segmentis sequentibus transversis, secundo ad latera alate producto, terlio quartoque poslice alatis, et bilobatis. Abdomen 2-3-articulatum, segmento ultimo tec- to, secundo postice rotundato el utrinque stylis caudalibus saspius munito. Pedes paris secundi crasse cheliformes ; natatorii octo, se- lls brevissimis. Oculi duo, remotiusculi. Styli caudales stylifor- mes, acuti, subnudi.
1. Pandarus CONCINNUS. — Carapax paulo oblongus, ellipticus, pos- tice truncatus et dentatus, angulis posticis paululo elongatis, obtusis. Segmentum secundum brevissimum, alls divaricatis, subrectangu- latis, angulis posticis subacutis. Segmenta duo sequentia transversa, subsequa, lobis rotundatis acute sejunctis. Abdomen 3-articula- tum, segmento antico lato, postice profunda excavato, lateribus arcuatis, angulis posticis acutis, bene divaricatis. Styli caudales non tecti.
Hab. in corpus Squali, mari Pacifico juxta insulam " Tongatabu."
2. Pandarus Satyrus. — Carapax vix oblongus, poslice sensim la- lior, angulis posticis parce prominentibus, margine postico integro, an- tico obsolete denticuluto. Segmentum secundum brevissimum, alls di- varicatis, oblongo-ellipticis. Segmenta cephalothoracis sequentia trans- versa, primo minore, lobis rotundatis acute sejunctis. Abdomen 3-arti- culatum, articulo antico grandi, postice angusto-excavato, lateribus fere rectis, parce deinde subito angustioribus et angulis posticis internis acutis ; segmento secundo dimidio vix angustiore, oblongo, obovato. Styli caudales non tecti.
Long. 5". — Hab. in corpus Squali, mari Pacifico juxta insulam " Tongatabu."
3. Pandarus brevicaudus. — Carapax vix oblongus, subellipticus, postice valde excavatus, angulis posticis longe productis, obtusis. Seg- menta sequentia tria transversa. Alse segmenti secundi non divaricatce, postice obtuste. Segmenta tertium quartumque abdomine non latiora.
60 PllOCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
margins dorsali postico late excavato. Segmentum abdominis anticum subquadratum, angulis poslicis oblique truncatis et seta minuta extus in- structis, postice angustum, subtruncatum ; segmentum secundum parvu- lum, transversum stylis triplo longioribus.
Long. ^". — Hub. in corpus Squali, mari Pacifico prope Novi-Zea- landiam.
Genus IV. DINEMATURA. {Latreille.)
Cephalothorax 3-articulatus, segmento secundo parvo, testa tertii dor- sali postice valde expansa. et profunde bilobata, eoque elytroidea. Abdomen 2-articulatum, carapace paulo angustius, oblongus, segmen- to antico maximo, postice bilobato, postico parvulo, celato. Styli caudales lamellati, terminales.
DiNEMATURA BRACCATA. — Carapax fere rotundatus, abdomine latior, discis suctatoriis post antennas munitus ; postice quadrilobatus, lobis duobus internis angustis, curvatis, subacutis. Segmentum secundum transversum, ad latus subacutum. Segmenti alae tertii vix oblongse, dimidii abdominis longitudine, postice parce latiores, angulis rotun- datis, margine postico fere recto. Segmentum abdominis primum profunde bilobatum, secundum quadratum. Styli caudales grandes, subovati, abdominis extremitatem paulo superantes, setis paucis bre- vissimis.
Long. 1". — Hab. in corpus Squali, mari Pacifico juxta insulam " Tongatabu."
Genus V. LEPIDOPUS. (Dana.)
Corpus antice non latius. Cephalothorax 3-articulatus, carapace mi- nore quam abdomen, segmentis duobus sequentibus postice large bi- alatis. Abdomen 2-articulatum, segmento postico parvulo, celato, antico maximo et postice bilobato. Antenna, posticce articulo tenui falciformi confectae. Pedes paris secundi superjicie terminali lata prehensili squamata instructi. Pedes natatorii quatuor ultimi simi- les, late lamellati.
Lepidopus armattjs. — Corpus oblongum, postice sensim latius. Ca- rapax subquadratus, postice paulo latior, margine postico vix arcuato. Segmenta duo sequentia suba?qua, alis grandibus, fere rotundatis. Ab- domen oblongum, carapace valde longius, postice non angustius, paulo bilobatum, lobis rotundatis. Antennae postice ad apicem longe falci- formes et denticulis biseriatis armatae, articulo penultimo subquadrato.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 61
Pedes paris secundi grandes, articulo penultimo ad apicem spinigero, ultimo crassissimo, superficie terminali oblonga, squamata, squamulis spinula armatis.
Long. -J". — Hah. in corpus specie! Musteli (Squalorum familiae). — — Lect. ad urbem " Rio de Janeiro."
Tribus 4. NYMPHACEA.
Genus ASTRIDIUM. (Dana.)
Pycnogono affinis. Caput duobus maxillipedibus subtus instructum parvulis, debilibus, apice obtusis, non prehensilibus. Pedes octo un- guiculo confecti. Aldomen perbrevis.
AsTRiDiuM ORiENTALE. — Ccphalothorax stellatus, segmentis medio connatis, deinde liberis. Abdomen breve, postice angustius, obtusum. Truncus buccalis oblongus, subcylindricus, corpore vix brevior. Seg- mentum corporis primum antice non transversum, postice angustius et deinde utrinque longe productum instar rami brevis,* et pedes anticos gerens. Maxillipedes parvuli, obsolete 3-articulati, obtusi. Pedes cras- siusculi, articulo primo vix oblongo, sequentibus sex subaequis, tertio paulo breviore.
Long. I". — Hah. in mari " Sulu." — Lect. die 11 Feb., 1842.
Mr. Borden, from the committee to whom was referred the paper of Mr. M. Conant, describing his " Solar Index," pre- sented a report, entering fully into the investigation of the principles of the instrument. The conclusion which the com- mittee has arrived at is, that, although the " Solar Index " is not susceptible of sufficient accuracy to be used with advan- tage for nice scientific purposes, yet, as it can be managed with great facility, it may frequently be found valuable to the surveyor and engineer in making experimental surveys, run- ning preliminary lines, &c., for the purpose of learning the character of the topography of a country, and of acquiring, ap- proximately at least, a knowledge of the relative situation of places.
* Haec pars postica segmenti prinii segmentum corporis secundum verc est, quamvis articulations verA non sejuncta.
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Professor Horsford presented the following commnnication, embodying the results of his investigations and experiments on the chemical action of water of various kinds upon the mate- rials ordinarily employed for its transmission and distribution.
" Materials for the transmission of water, to be used as a beverage in any form, should be strong and durable, should admit of ready repair and replacement, be sufficiently cheap to permit general use, and, above all, should impart no deleterious property to the waters served through them. The safety of using water supplied through wooden aqueducts, and the certainty of their rapid decay, are too well known to require more particular mention. Pipes of iron, tin, of tinned iron, tinned copper, tinned lead, glass, and gutta percha, are of comparative- ly recent introduction. They are believed, so far as experience has shown, to impart few or no deleterious properties to water as a bever- age, though all of them are wanting in some of the essential attributes just mentioned.
" As pipes of lead have been long in use, and possess in an eminent degree most of the properties required for aqueduct service, and as the following researches have been more especially directed to ascertain the true value of leaden pipes for the distribution of water, a brief his- torical sketch of the opinions that have been entertained with regard to the safety of employing them may not be without interest.
" The period of the first employment of lead for transmitting water is unknown ; but the fact that it was condemned by Vitruvius, a Roman architect believed to have lived about nineteen hundred years ago, is evidence of its having at that time been long enough in use to furnish the experience which led to its rejection as a material for aqueducts.* Galen, a physician of Amsterdam, who wrote in the seventeenth cen- tury, coincided with Vitruvius. Both had observed the formation of white lead in water-pipes, and attributed to it the illness which was known to affect those who drank certain waters served through leaden pipes. Notwithstanding these strongly expressed opinions and occa- sional fatal consequences from drinking water containing lead in solu-
* Leaden pipes may be seen at this day among the ruins of the Coliseum, and leading to the baths and fountains of Herculaneum and Pompeii.
Kopp thiniis lead as a metal was known to the Israelites. Geschichte der Chemie. It is certain tliat it was known and in use 400 years before the Chris- tian era.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 63
tion, public sentiment continued strongly in favor of this kind of pipes ; and until about the commencement of the present century no experi- mental examination of the subject had been undertaken. Dr. Lamb of England, and later Guyton Morveau of France, devoted their attention for a time to this inquiry. Their opinions illustrate the uncertainty which attends the earlier labors in every field of investigation. The one believed that most, if not all, spring waters possess the property of acting upon lead to such an extent as to render their conveyance through leaden tubes unsafe, and this because of the salts in solution ; — the other, that many natural waters scarcely act on lead at all, and because of the salts in solution. The former believed that rain or snow water (eminently pure) does not corrode lead ; the latter, that dis- tilled water, the purest of all waters, acts rapidly on it. Dr. Thomp- son of Glasgow subsequently gave some consideration to the subject, and came to the conclusion, that, though Dr. Lamb's general proposi- tion was true, the lead was not dissolved, but suspended merely. Such was the doubt upon this point, — the insolubility of oxide of lead, — that a scientific association in Germany made it a prize problem. The honor of deciding the question was accredited to Brendecke, whose views were coincided in by his unsuccessful competitor, Siebold,* and also by Herberger, who prepared his oxide of lead in a different man- ner, and reported his results at a later period. They decided that ox- ide of lead is insoluble in water.
" The imperfection of the investigation and the injustice of this award have since been established by the labors of Yorke,! and Bonsdorff, | who have found that aerated, distilled water, deprived of carbonic acid, oxidates metallic lead and dissolves the oxide in the proportion of from TTrVirth to TU^iTTTth. Even the acute Scheele had remarked the same fact in the last century. Philips denied the accuracy of the conclu- sions of both Yorke and Bonsdorff, and maintained, with Thompson, that the oxide of lead was not soluble, but was only in suspension. His view was supported by the fact, that filtration seemed to separate the lead from the water that originally contained it. In 1846 Yorke § reviewed the investigation of Philips, and showed that, in filtration, the oxide of lead enters into combination with the woody fibre of the filter-
* Phar. Cent. BlatL, 1835, p. 831 ; Buck. Rep., Ill , pp. 155-179. t Pogg. Jinn., XXXIII., pp. 110 -112.
t Phar. Cent. Blatt., 1836, p. 520; Buck. Rep., V., pp. 55-59. § Phil. Mag., XXVIII., pp. 17 - 20.
V
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEJir
ing paper. By filtering for some time through the same paper it be- came saturated, and the lead in solution passed without detention.
" Christison, to whom we are indebted for a careful record of the principal conflicting opinions upon this subject, repeated and extended the experiments of Guyton Morveau, to ascertain the effect of solutions of certain salts in water. He came to the conclusion that arseniates, phosphates, sulphates, tartrates, and even chlorides, acetates, and ni- trates, possess the power of protecting lead from the action of the wa- ter. Of the nature of this protecting power he acknowledges that he has no clear conception. He assured himself that it does not in all cases arise from the formation of an insoluble coat consisting of the acid of the employed salt united to the oxide of lead, by finding that the coat, which for the most part, in his experiments, consisted of car- bonate of lead, readily dissolved in acetic acid. This author has sug- gested that leaden pipes, before being laid down for service, should be exposed a length of time to solutions of some of the salts, denominated protecting ; having observed that leaden pipes, which poisoned certain waters when first served, after a time became coated, and passed the same waters without injury to the health of those who drank them.
" The city of London has long been supplied with water distributed through lead, and though occasional excitements upon this subject have sprung up in Great Britain from individual cases of poisoning, the pre- vailing public sentiment is in favor of lead. Professor Graham states that in London lead only is used for service-pipes. The exemption of Paris from illness derived from this cause is asserted by Tanquerel.* This is believed to be true of all the larger European towns whose in- habitants are supplied with water from public reservoirs. On the other hand, the inhabitants of Amsterdam were poisoned by drinking rain- water that had fallen on leaden roofs ; and on replacing the lead with tiles, the maladies ascribed to the former disappeared.
" We find ourselves at the conclusion of the literature of the Old World upon this subject with these impressions : —
" 1st. That some natural waters may be served from leaden pipes without detriment to health. . •2d. That others mav not ; and 3d. That we have no method of determining beforehand whether a given water may or may not be transmitted safely through lead.
" Professor Silliman, Jr., in his able report on the various waters sub-
* Tanquerel on Lead Diseases, edited by Dana, App., p. 396.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 65
mitted to him by the Water Commissioners, in 1845, has given the re- sults of some experiments upon the action of several waters on lead, which conducted him to the general conclusions above expressed.* Among those who have taken strong ground against leaden service- pipes for the transmission of water may be mentioned Drs. Chilton and Lee of New York, and Drs. Dana and Hayes of Lowell.
■' The occasion of the following research was the request by the Board of Consulting Physicians of the city of Boston, in January of 1848, that a comparison of the action of Cochituate Lake, Jamaica Pond, and Croton and Schuylkill River waters upon lead should be in- stituted. Cochituate water was about to be introduced into Boston for the supply of the city. Jamaica water has been employed in certain sections of the city of Boston since the year 1795, and for the last twen- ty years served through leaden pipes. Croton River water, since 1842, has been supplied through iron mains and leaden service-pipes to the citizens of New York, a city of 400,000 inhabitants. Schuylkill River water, since the year 1815, has been supplied through iron mains and leaden distribution-pipes to the inhabitants of Philadelphia, a city of 300,000 inhabitants. The inquiry that early presented itself to the Board of Consulting Physicians was the following : — Will there be greater lialilily to lead-disease from drinking Cochituate toater, served through iron mains and leaden pipes, than there is now from drinking Fairmount or Croton waters similarly served, or Jamaica water possilly less favor ally served than Cochituate water will be 7
" To answer this question, Croton, Fairmount, Jamaica, and Cochit- uate waters were provided with care, and the proposition made that lead should be presented to them all under similar circumstances. It was not proposed to introduce the absolute conditions of actual service in a series of laboratory experiments. It was conceived that, when in contact with lead, all the external circumstances being the same, the differences in the action upon lead would be a kind of exponent of the differences in constitution among the waters. A sufficiently extended series of experiments, it was believed, would reveal all the expedients to be resorted to in order to the fulfilment.of the required conditions, and would, if duly extended, furnish replies to the various inquiries in- to which the main problem of the measure of safety or danger resolved itself.
* Boston Water-Cam. Report, App., 1845. VOL. II. 9
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
" Should the experiments result in showing that the several waters were alike in their action upon lead, then would the citizens of Boston, in drinking Cochituate water served from leaden pipes and iron mains, be as little liable to lead-disease as are the citizens of Philadelphia and New York who drink Schuylkill and Croton water similarly served, and that portion of the citizens of Boston who have for nearly a quarter of a century employed Jamaica water served through lead. Should Cochituate water be found to act less on lead than Jamaica water, all external circumstances being the same, then would the question be affirmatively and more satisfactorily decided ; since these two waters occur in the same geological associations, are about equally pure, and the latter has been drunk under less favorable circumstances than Cochituate will be, so far as the relations to lead are concerned. On the other hand, should the inequality in action of the waters be great, and that of the Cochituate uniformly most energetic, then would the question, so far as this mode of investigation could influence it, be decided in the negative.
" The experimental result being favorable, the question of probable future illness to arise from drinking Cochituate water would be decided by an appeal to those physicians of New York, Philadelphia, and Bos- ton, whose extensive practice and standing in the profession demand confidence in their opinions; and by an appeal to public sentiment, where every day's experience among all classes, the less and the more careful, contributes to its formation.
" Such experiments have been made with all the waters abov^e mentioned, and at the same time, in many cases, parallel suites with Albany and Troy reservoir waters, Cambridge well-water, and distilled water, contemplating all the conditions that could be expected to occur. They were conducted in an apartment where, with rare exceptions, no other laboratory labor was carried forward than that connected with this investigation, and in which the tests with hydrosulphuric acid were not made. Whatever influences from temperature or other causes op- erated upon any one of the waters operated equally upon each of the others. With the exceptioh of Cochituate water, which possessed a yellowish-brown tint, the samples were colorless. A determination of their general relations to each other was made.*
* Professor Sillitn:in, Jr. has made a similar determination of the relations of the Croton, Cochituate, and Fairmount waters. Water-Corn. Report, ISio.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 67
" Albany Reservoir Water. — 500 cubic centimetres evaporated to dryness in a platinum capsule over a water-bath gave, of solid residue, 0.0924gr. Ignited, the above residue lost 0.019Sgr.
" Camhridge Well-water., that does not act on lead so as to produce known deleterious effects. — 500cc. evaporated to dryness over a water- bath gave, of solid residue, 0.39 18gr.; of which 0.0990gr. were ex- pelled by ignition, and of the non-volatile matters 0.0676gr. were in- soluble in boiling water.
" Camhridge Well-water., that, in an inch-and-a-quarter pipe several years in use dissolves a grain and a half of lead in thirty-six hours. — 500cc. evaporated to dryness over a water-bath gave, of solid residue, 0. 1380gr. ; of which 0.0540gr. were expelled by ignition.
" Cochiluate Lake Water. — I. 500cc. evaporated to dryness over a water-bath gave 0.0267gr. of solid residue ; of which 0.0122gr. were expelled by ignition, and O.OOSOgr. of the remainder insoluble in boiling water. — II. 500cc. over a water-bath gave a solid residue of 0.02G7gr.
" Croton River Water. — 500cc. evaporated to dryness over a water-bath gave, of solid residue, 0.2175gr. ; of which 0.1496gr. were expelled by ignition.
'■'■ Fair mount Water., Schuylkill River. — 500cc. evaporated to dry- ness over a water-bath gave, of solid residue, 0.3007gr. ; of which 0.1032gr. were expelled by ignition, and of the non-volatile matters 0.0239gr. were insoluble in boiling water.
" Jamaica Pond Water. — 500cc. evaporated to dryness over a water-bath gave, of solid residue, 0.0268gr. ; of which O.OllSgr. were expelled by ignition, and of the non-volatile matters 0.0070gr. were insoluble in boiling water.
" Troy Reservoir Water. — SOOcc. evaporated to dryness over a water-bath gave, of solid residue, 0.0.593gr. ; of which O.OISlgr. were expelled by ignition, and of the non-volatile matters 0.0278gr. were insoluble in boiling water.
" The above results are expressed in tabular form in Table I.
" The following tables of results will sOfficiently explain themselves. They exhibit quantities of lead which, for practical purposes, have little more than relative value in the columns in which they occur.
" The experiments were made with bars of lead cast in a common mould, of uniform diameter and length. The quantities of water were constant, or as nearly so as might be, in the same series of experi-
68
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
ments. The bars were covered, in test-tubes of a given diameter, with fifteen cubic centimetres.
"After exposure out of direct sunlight, except where otherwise stated, a length of time indicated in the column of days at the left, a suite of similar tubes was filled to the requisite depth with correspond- ing waters, and the bars transferred with the least delay.
"The waters were then acidulated with acetic acid, received each a drop of acetate of potassa, — which Fresenius has observed decomposes all lead salts not decomposed by hydrosulphuric acid, — and exposed to a stream of washed hydrosulphuric acid till the liquid became clear, if it had been at first discolored by the precipitate of lead. If concen- tration occurred, it is so stated. The quantities were estimated by a method to be described farther on.
"Table I.
|
Loss upon being |
Inorganic |
Insoluble after |
||
|
Distilled water, |
Ignited. |
Matter. |
Ignition. |
|
|
0.0000 |
O.IJOOO |
0.0000 |
0.0000 |
|
|
Albany " |
0.0924 |
0.0198 |
0.0726 |
. |
|
Cambridge " |
0.;3918 |
0.0990 |
0.2928 |
0.0676 |
|
Cambridge water } that acts on lead, ^ |
0.1380 |
0.0540 |
0.0840 |
. . . |
|
Cochituate water, |
0.02G7 |
0.0122 |
0.0145 |
0.0050 |
|
i( (( |
0.0267 |
• • • |
. |
• • • |
|
Croton " |
0.2175 |
0.1496 |
0.0679 |
• ■ ■ |
|
Fairmount " |
0.3007 |
0.1032 |
0.1975 |
0.0239 |
|
Jamaica " |
0.0268 |
0.0115 |
0.0153 |
0.0070 |
|
Troy |
0.0593 |
0.0181 |
0.0412 |
0.0278 |
"Table II. — Experiments, with Lead to ascertain the Action of Wafer on Successive Bays. — One bar resting on the bottom of each test tube. Waters replaced at the date of each result.
|
Days. |
Cochituate. |
Croton. |
Fairmount. |
Jamaica. |
|
1 |
5.000 |
2.000 |
7.000 |
10.000 |
|
3 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
0.000 |
10.000 |
|
4 |
1 .000 |
0.500 |
2.000 |
0.000 |
|
5 |
10.000 |
2.000 |
5.000 |
1.000 |
|
6 |
O.I 00 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.500 |
|
7 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
O.I 00 |
|
8 |
0.200 |
0.200 |
0.200 |
3.000 |
|
11 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
1.000 |
|
12 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.200 |
0.500 |
|
13 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.100 |
0.500 |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
69
" The first modification of the experiment was in the extent of sur- face of lead.
" Table III. — Experiments with Two Bars of Lead. — In all other respects the conditions were the same as in the foregoing exper- iments.
|
Days. |
Cochiluate. |
Croton. |
Fairmount. |
Jamaica. |
|
1 |
5.000 |
5.000 |
1.000 |
10.000 |
|
3 |
3.000 |
2.000 |
1.000 |
2.000 |
|
4 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
1.000 |
0.000 |
|
5 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
|
6 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.010 |
|
7 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.010 |
0.200 |
|
8 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.010 |
3.000 |
|
11 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
1.000 |
|
12 |
0.100 |
0.-200 |
0.100 |
5.000 |
|
13 |
O.IOO |
0.200 |
0.200 |
5.000 |
"Table IV. same as before.
Experiments with Three Bars. — Other conditions
|
Days. |
Cochiluate. |
Croton. |
Fairmount. |
Jamaica. |
|
1 |
1.000 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
10.000 |
|
3 |
10.000 |
2.000 |
1.000 |
4.000 |
|
4 |
5.000 |
0.500 |
3.000 |
40.000 |
|
5 |
0.000 |
0.500 |
1.000 |
15.000 |
|
6 |
1.000 |
0.200 |
0.100 |
10.000 |
|
7 |
0.500 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
8.000 |
|
8 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
4.000 |
|
11 |
0.100 |
0.200 |
0.200 |
2.000 |
|
12 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
5.000 |
|
13 |
0.100 |
0.200 |
0.100 |
3.000 |
" From the foregoing experiments it was deducible, —
" 1st. That the action upon lead was most energetic during the first few days of exposure.
"2d. That the differences between the action on one, two, and three bars, the volume of water remaining the same, being inconsiderable, the action could not be dependent upon the surface of lead exposed, but upon some other constant condition.
" The observation, that, where the bar touched the containing tube, the action seemed most vigorous, suggested an explanation of the want of
mm
eec'
•vm m
-.?-^ i;
"As^-t
^".
-^^«»».ii^5l'iWi
--r^m'X'Q
-. _. *
OP ARTS AND SCIEN'CF.
73
%
riation in some of the properties of thax)chituate water might cted to take place. First, in the percttage of organic matter. , in temperature. Third, in percentage/ salts. ^ etfect of increasing the percentage i organic matter is ex- T the following table.
-F. XIII. — Experiments with Leaa i graduated Solutions :c Matter ( Tannin) in Cochituale Tiier.
|
Cochiluale and'Cochituate and Cv |
|||||
|
•uate. |
of Taanin. |
tttW of Tannio. |
ot Tami |
ot lannia. |
Distilled Waier. |
|
VI |
o.«no |
0.400 |
0.60< |
O.GOO |
5.000 |
|
)'» |
•2(1.000* |
0..500 |
0.^2.5( |
0.2.50 |
20.000 |
|
• 0 |
•2.000 |
0.500 |
i 1 1 i L |
'■ "'0 |
4.000 |
|
1 |
2.000 |
0.200 |
. |
0 |
3.000 |
|
1 |
0.500 |
0.100 |
O.WK |
0.000 |
2.500 |
|
0..-)00 |
o.ono |
("■ |
^ '0 |
3.000 |
|
|
o.ooo |
0.000 |
1 |
0 |
2.000 |
|
|
0.(100 |
0.000 |
.0 |
3.000 |
||
|
O.oiK) |
0.000 |
) |
0.000 |
2000 |
f the third and fourth colunu became more or less ose reddish-brown coat of ccanic matter and lead. increased organic matter c tiiis form (which is as ■:> vegetable matters that mnit be expected to occur •ould be readily found) waio lessen the action on 2 matters of lake and rivervaters consist of living I isms, animal and ve^taWiwid of soluble substan- lecaying vegetation. Win exposed a sufficient matters become thorougy inorganic. The car- lo acid, and the hydroge becomes water, by the ?n in solution in the watc
lave shown, that, if the uantity of organic mat-
3t of bark, be more tha^-^ — ^ of the weight of
of the organic matter nation with oxide
ition, will take place. This is one of the meth-
to for separating orgac todies from solutions.f
cculent mass fell wiiii ;i lead, anffmentiii* the toI-
m Croton service-pipeixe years in use. It occnrs in Boston, and, I harfeeen informed, in those of
lia. 1<I
i
*^#
70
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
uniformity in results. It further suggested experiments with suspended bars, the results of which are detailed in the following table.
" Table V. — Experiments with Bars suspended out of Contact with the containing Vessel. — Waters not exposed to sunlight. Av- erage results of four series of experiments. One bar to each tube. No concentration.
|
Days. |
Cochituate. |
Croton. |
Fairmount. |
Jamaica. |
|
1 2 3 4 |
15.500 0.012 0.012 0.000 |
1.500 0.012 0.001 0.000 |
0.280 0.012 0.000 0.000 |
80.000 2,750 0.027 0.000 |
" These experiments and the foregoing seemed to show that, without contact of the solid metal with the containing vessel, the influence of the 'constant condition' was so far enfeebled, after the first few days, as not to have its effects recognized by the ordinary reagents, without concentration, after a period of twenty-four hours' exposure. The fol- lowing table of results confirms this deduction.
" Table VI. — Experiments with Water several Weeks exposed to Light and the Warmth of the Apartment in ivhich the Experiments were made, by which much of the contained Air had been expelled. — Bars suspended out of contact with the tube. Volume as in the pre- ceding experiments.
|
Days. |
Cochituate. |
Croton. |
Fairmount. |
Jamaica. |
Distilled Water. |
|
1 |
1.000 |
0.500 |
0.000 |
0.050 |
25.000 |
|
3 |
0.050 |
0.0 10 |
0.000 |
2.000 |
15.000 |
|
5 |
0.010 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.050 |
15.000 |
|
7 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
i5.ono |
|
9 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
15.000 |
|
12 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
15.000 |
|
17* |
0.020 |
0.010 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
30.000 |
|
24* |
0.050 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.500 |
|
39* |
0..500 |
0.000 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
3.000 |
" As the street mains are of iron, it was desirable to know if the contact of lead with iron could be more injurious to Cochituate than to Croton, Fairmount, or Jamaica water. Experiments were also made with Albany and Troy reservoir waters, and the Cambridge well-water first in the order of succession in Table I.
Water concentrated to one fourth of its volume.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
71
" Table VII. — Experiments with Lead and Iron. — Iron upper- most. Lead solder. Volume of water as in previous experiments.
|
Days. |
Distilled Water. |
Albany. |
Cam- bridge. |
Cochitu- ate. |
Croton. |
Fairmount. |
Jamaica. |
Troy. |
|
3 |
8.000 |
1.000 |
2.000 1.000 |
1.000 |
10.000 |
10.000 |
25.000 |
|
|
7 |
10.000 |
O.OIO |
0.010 0.010 |
0.010 |
0.010 |
0.500 |
0.000 |
|
|
9 |
2.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
|
11 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
|
20 |
0.000 |
0.100 |
0.000! 0.100 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.100 |
0.000 |
|
|
30 |
1.000 |
0.400 |
0.500 : 0.800 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
0.100 |
|
|
48 0.1-00 |
0.005 |
O.IOO 1 0.010 |
0.050 |
0.000 |
0.010 |
Lost. |
" The discoloration of the bars of lead was least in this order : — Al- bany, Cambridge, Croton, Fairmount, Distilled Water, Jamaica, Co- chituate. That is, Cochituate, apparently, most promptly and com- pletely coats the lead.
" Table VIII. — Experiinents with Lead and Iron. — Lead up- permost. Lead solder. Volume of water same as in previous exper- iments.
|
Days. |
Distilled Water. |
Albany. 0.500 |
Cambridge. |
Cochituate. |
Croton. |
Fairmount. |
Jamaica. 0.500 |
Troy. |
|
2 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
||
|
3 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0 000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
7 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 ; 0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
|
|
16 |
0.010 |
0.010 |
0.100 |
0.010 |
0.010 0.010 |
O.OIO |
0.010 |
|
|
26 |
0.500 |
0.100 |
0.010 |
0.010 |
0.010 |
0.010 |
0.010 |
0.010 |
|
44 |
3.000 |
0.050 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
O.IOO |
0.100 |
O.IOU |
Lost. |
" Sections of each bar at first less coated near the iron. Larger measure of protoxide of iron in Cochituate and Croton waters than in the others, as indicated by ferrocyanide of potassium. Discoloration of the bars least in this order : — Fairmount, Distilled Water, Albany, Troy, Croton, Jamaica, Cochituate.
Table IX. — Experiments with Lead and Iron. — Soft solder. Volume and other conditions as in previous experiments.
|
Days. |
Distilled Water. |
Albany. |
Cambridge. |
Cochituate. |
Croton. |
Fainnounl. |
Jamaica. |
Troy. |
|
3 12 17 |
10.000 30.000 |
6.000 1.000 0.000 |
6.000 Lost. 0.050 |
6.000 1. 000 O.OIO |
1.000 1. 000 0.500 |
10.000 1.000 0.000 |
7.000 1.000 0.500 |
7.000 2.000 0.000 |
"As the stopcocks will, many of them, be of brass, it was impor- tant to ascertain the influence of this connection.
72
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
" Table X. — Experiments with Lead ajid Brass. — Surfaces of lead and brass nearly equal. Volume of water as before mentioned.
|
Days. 1 |
Distilled Water. |
Albany. |
Cambridge. |
Cochiluate. |
Croton. |
Fairmount. |
Jamaica. |
Troy. |
|
5.000 |
2.000 |
0.500 |
0.800 |
25.000 |
0.100 |
1.000 |
5.000 |
|
|
o |
8.000 |
2.000 |
1.500 |
1.500 |
2.000 |
1.500 |
1.500 8.000 |
|
|
7 |
20.000 |
0.>^00 |
10.000 |
10.000 |
2.000 |
1.500 |
20.000 |
7.000 |
|
83 |
10.000 |
O.IOO |
7.000 |
0.200 0.100 |
0.100 |
4.000 i 7.000 |
||
|
37 |
20.000 \ O.SOO |
10.000 |
2.000 10.000 |
1.000 |
8.000 |
5.000 |
||
|
8R |
12.000 |
0.800 |
0.800 |
— |
0.400 |
|||
|
m |
2.000 |
^^_ |
0.800 |
0.300 |
0.400 |
|||
|
40 |
1.250 |
0.400 |
0.600 |
0.800 |
||||
|
41 |
1 .500 |
0.250 |
0.800 |
|||||
|
43 |
2.000 — |
1.200 |
0.500 |
0.800 |
— |
"As some stopcocks may be of copper, a suite of experiments was made to ascertain the effect of this union.
" Table XI. — Experiments with Lead and Copper. — A bar of lead and copper nail three fourths of an inch long. Lead solder.
|
Days. |
Distilled Water. |
Cochituate. |
Croton. |
Fairmount. |
|
1 |
5.000 |
0500 |
0.500 |
0.100 |
|
3 |
1.500 |
8.000 |
0.150 |
0.500 |
|
7 |
20.000 |
2.500 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
|
14 |
25.000 |
7.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
|
39 |
10.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
|
40 |
1.500 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
0.250 |
|
44 |
1.200 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
1.500 |
|
45 |
2.000 |
0.200 |
0.300 |
2000 |
|
46 |
5.000 |
0.800 |
0.800 |
3.000 |
|
47 |
3.000 |
0.050 |
0.020 |
1.500 |
|
49 |
2.300 |
0.010 |
0.800 |
2000 |
" Table XII. — Experiments icith Lead and Tin. — A half-bar of each soldered without alloy. Volume of water as before mentioned.
|
Days. 1 |
Distilled Water. |
Albany. |
Cambridge. |
Cochituate. |
Croton. |
Fairmount. |
Jamaica. |
Troy. |
|
40.000 |
0 500 |
0500 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
|
|
8 |
60.000 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
0.200 |
0.500 |
0.800 |
0.500 |
|
32 |
50.000 |
1.500 |
4.000 |
0.500 |
0.100 |
1.500 |
2.000 |
— |
|
36 |
12000 |
0.050 |
0.050 |
1.500 |
||||
|
38 |
1.500 |
— |
0..500 |
1 .500 |
3.000 |
|||
|
39 |
2.000 |
0.500 |
0.300 |
0.400 |
||||
|
40 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
0.500 |
0.700 |
— |
|||
|
41 |
2.000 |
0.010 |
0.010 |
0.010 |
||||
|
43 |
3.000 |
— |
0.010 |
0.020 |
0.700 |
' |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
73
" Variation in some of the properties of the Cochituate water might be expected to take place. First, in the percentage of organic matter. Second, in temperature. Third, in percentage of salts.
" The effect of increasing the percentage of organic matter is ex- hibited in the following table.
" Table XIII. — Experiments ivith Lead in graduated Solutions of Organic Matter ( Tannin) in Cochituate Water.
|
Cochituate and |
Cochituate and |
Cochituate and |
Cochituate and |
|||
|
Days. |
Cochituate. |
1 |
1 1 0 otr |
TTJ(I73-(T |
1 100 0 00 |
Di.stilled Water. |
|
of Tannin. |
of Tannin. |
of Tannin. |
of Tannin. |
|||
|
3 |
1.000 |
0.800 |
0.400 |
0.600 |
o.noo |
5.000 |
|
5 |
0.000 |
20.000* |
0.500 |
0.250 |
0.2.50 |
20.000 |
|
6 |
0.500 |
2.000 |
0..500 |
0.100 |
0.100 |
4.000 |
|
7 |
0.000 |
2.000 |
0.200 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
3.000 |
|
8 |
0.050 |
0.500 |
0.100 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
2.500 |
|
10 |
0.000 |
0.500 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.100 |
3.000 |
|
11 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0,000 |
2.000 |
|
12 |
0.100 |
0.(!00 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
3.000 |
|
13 |
0.0.50 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
2000 |
" The bars of the third and fourth columns became more or less coated with a loose reddish-brown coat of organic matter and lead. The influence of increased organic matter of this form (which is as nearly allied to the vegetable matters that might be expected to occur in lake water as could be readily found) was to lessen the action on lead. The organic matters of lake and river waters consist of living and deceased organisms, animal and vegetable, and of soluble substan- ces derived from decaying vegetation. When exposed a sufficient length of time, these matters become thoroughly inorganic. The car- bon becomes carbonic acid, and the hydrogen becomes water, by the consumption of oxygen in solution in the water.
" My experiments have shown, that, if the quantity of organic mat- ter, such as the extract of bark, be more than xtt^tttt of the weight of the water, precipitates of the organic matter in combination with oxide of lead, if any is in solution, will take place. This is one of the meth- ods frequently resorted to for separating organic bodies from solutions.f
* A kind of fungous or flocculent mass fell with the lead, augmenting the vol- ume of the precipitate.
t This precipitate is visible in Croton service-pipes five years in use. It occurs in the Jamaica service-pipes in Boston, and, I have been informed, in those of Fairmount water in Philadelphia.
VOT-. 11. 10
74
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
The
" The effect of temperature was sought in a variety of ways.* following experiments are recorded.
" Table XIV. — Experiments with Bars previously coated, ex- posed to direct Sunlight from the 21s/ to the 26th of June. — Bars
resting on the bottom of the tubes.
|
Days. |
Cochituale. |
Croton. |
Jamaica. |
Distilled Water. |
|
1 2 3 4 |
0.100 0.250 0.100 0.050 |
0.200 1.500 0.400 1.000 |
3.000 2.000 2.000 1.500 |
3.000 2.000 1.000 2.000 |
"The influence of extreme temperature and exposure to air and moisture, under the most favorable circumstances, was ascertained by transmitting steam mixed with air through a leaden pipe thirty-six feet long, coiled like a still-worm, and placed in cold water to produce con- densation. One hundred and ten cubic centimetres of the condensed water, after acidulation with acetic acid, were treated with a stream of hydrosulphuric acid. The precipitate was collected on a filter, pre- viously dried at 100° C, and gave 0.0225gr. of sulphide of lead, equal to 0.0196gr. of lead ; which is equivalent to 0.8095gr. of lead in a gal- lon. Whatever influence might result from such changes, it must be remembered that pipes under ground will preserve a tolerably even temperature ; and be the effect of increased heat what it may, it has been more energetic in Philadelphia than it ever can be in Boston.
" The effect of increasing the percentage of common salt is exhibit- ed in the following table.
" Table XV. — Experiments with Cochituate Water and graduat- ed Solutions of Common Salt. — Bars and volumes as in the foregoing experiments. No concentration. Bars resting on the bottom of the tubes.
|
Cochituate and |
Cochituate and |
Cochituate and |
Cocliituate and |
||
|
Days. |
Pure Cochituate. |
Torn of Chloride of Sodium. |
Tn<TU of Chloride of Sodium. |
T(yo"TT(y of Chloride of Sodium. |
TTTTJO'TTTT of Chloride of Sodium. |
|
1 |
2.00 |
.20 |
.30 |
1.60 |
2.00 |
|
2 |
1.80 |
.10 |
.15 |
.60 |
1.20 |
|
3 |
.20 |
.10 |
.08 |
.08 |
.30 |
|
8 |
.30 |
2.50 |
1.20 |
.30 |
.50 |
Dr. Hayes has observed that elevation of temperature increases the quantity of lead dissolved in a given time. — Rtjwrt of the Consulting Physicians, 1848, p. 24.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 75
" These results show, —
" 1st. The immediate effect of the salt in preventing the action on lead by lessening the solvent power for air ; and
"2d. The influence of salt in dissolving the coat formed, by double decomposition, or by the formation of the double salt of the oxide and chloride ; as shown in the last suite of results.
'•The preceding experiments, as a whole, go to show that Cochituate water may be distributed through iron mains and leaden service-pipes with as little danger as Schuylkill, Croton, or Jamaica water.
" The consideration that was to give value to these determinations was that of the health of the citizens of Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, so far as it might be influenced by the waters served through lead in the respective cities. This was to be decided, as already in- timated, by an appeal to the most enlightened testimony that could be furnished ; that of eminent physicians of extensive practice in the localities where lead pipe is employed."
Professor Horsford then adduced a summary of the nu- merous medical opinions, chiefly compiled from letters ad- dressed to himself, and which have been already published in the Appendix to the Water-Commissioners' Report of Au- gust 14th, 1848.
" The decision of this question does not depend upon the presence or absence of a minute quantity of lead in water that has been standing a given length of time in leaden pipes, or upon the absolute freedom from corrosion of pipes long in use. For if a certain quantity, more or less, has found its way into the human system in the every-day regular use of Croton and Schuylkill waters, then must the human system be capable of sustaining without injury this quantity ; and the possibility of receiving an equal quantity hereafter by those who drink Cochituate water may be contemplated whhout solicitude, since the experiment has been made.* Nevertheless, examinations for lead have been made in many well-waters, and also in Croton, Jamaica, Schuylkill, and Troy waters, and Dedham spring water. The results follow.
* To this point more particular reference will hereafter be made.
76
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
" T.\BLE XVI. — Determinations of Lead in Well-waters seized through Leaden Pipes in Cambridge.
|
Volume. |
Hours Exposed. |
Reduced Volume. |
Sulphide of Lead. |
|
|
a |
lOOcc. |
36 |
lOcc. |
0.000 |
|
11 |
200 |
36 |
10 |
0.000 |
|
11 |
300 |
36 |
10 |
0.000 |
|
h |
500 |
12 |
16 |
0.000 |
|
c |
100 |
12 |
10 |
Precipitate. |
|
4( |
50 |
12 |
10 |
(( |
|
(( |
40 |
12 |
10 |
C( |
|
(( |
30 |
12 |
10 |
0.000 |
|
gallon |
12 |
10 |
0.100 |
|
|
d |
500cc. |
12 |
5 |
0.000 |
|
e |
100 |
12 |
5 |
Precipitate. |
|
gallon |
12 |
0.080 |
||
|
f |
300cc. |
12 |
5 |
Precipitate. |
|
gallon |
12 |
0.0004 |
||
|
g |
500cc. |
12 |
20 |
0.000 |
|
h |
200 gallon |
36 |
5 |
0.00005 0.00113 |
|
i |
"300cc. gallon |
12 |
10 |
0.0009 0.0136 |
" Well in Boston. — 200cc., first drawn in the morning, gave, when concentrated to 5cc., 0.00003gr. = 0.00068gr. in a gallon. Dr. Charles T. Jackson has detected lead in a well-water in VValtham.
" Well in Dedham. — lOOcc. of water standing over night in the pipe serving from the reservoir supplied by a forcing-pump, concentrated to 5cc., gave a trace of lead.
" Water supplied from the spring in Dedham, which is known to have corroded leaden pipes, and poisoned at least one individual. — lOOcc, at rest twelve hours in leaden pipe several years in use, gave 0.00003gr. =: O.OOlSgr. in a gallon. Several years since, my friend. Dr. Webster, examined some of this water from the pipes of the gen- tleman who was made ill, and detected lead, without concentration, by treatment with sulphide of ammonium.* This branch pipe was 150 feet in length. The main pipe, two inches in diameter, is about three quarters of a mile long. This pipe must be capable of holding a gallon in a little more than seven and one third feet, or 540 gallons in its whole length. Thus, the entire morning draught of spring water of each
* Such was the quantity of lead in solution, that a white film (of carbonate and hydrate of lead) rose to the surface of this water, afler being drawn a short time.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 77
family had ordinarily been at rest twelve hours in the main and lateral pipes. In some instances it had doubtless been longer at rest; and yet, so far as I have been informed, but one well-established case of lead disease is known to have occurred from the use of this water.
"Table XVII. — Determinations of Lead in the Croton Water of New York. — Drawn, after thirty-six hours' exposure, from leaden pipes, at seven different localities, in the neighbourhood of John Street.
Botlles. Volume. Volume.
1. 500cc. reduced to lOcc. gave, of Sulphide of Lead, 00
|
2. |
00 |
||||||
|
3. |
00 |
||||||
|
4. |
00 |
||||||
|
5. |
00 |
||||||
|
6. |
00 |
||||||
|
7. |
trace |
" lOOOcc. derived from bottles 1,2, and 3, concentrated to 10cc.,gave, with hydrosulphuric acid, a precipitate which, ignited with saltpetre and redissolved, gave, with bichromate of potassa and hydrosulphuric acid, distinct precipitates of lead. The whole quantity equalled about 0.000 Igr., or for a gallon 0.00045gr.
" Determination of Lead in the Schuylkill Water of Philadelphia. — According to Professor Booth, 100 apothecaries' ounces, after ex- posure 36 hours in leaden pipe, a year and a half in use, concentrated to the bulk of half an ounce, gave not the slightest discoloration after transmitting hydrosulphuric acid through it for an hour.
" Troy Reservoir Water. — 2000cc., 24 hours at rest in leaden pipes several years in use, gave, when concentrated to one hundredth of its volume, no trace of lead.
" Table XVIII. — Determinations of Lead in Jamaica Water served through leaden Pipes in the City of Boston.
LL \ ■^ 1 Oil Exposed to Gave of Sulphide
"Aprdl3th. the Lead. of Lead.
No. 6 Hudson Street, 200cc., 12 hours, reduced to 20cc. 00
No. 10 " " " " " " 00
No. 98 " " " " " " 00
No. 800 Washington Street, " " " " 00
No. 10 Tyler Street, " " " " 00
" April 13th. Worcester Railroad Depot, lOOOcc, exposed to the lead 36 hours, reduced to 20cc. gave, of sulphide of lead, OOgr.
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
" June 19th. Worcester Railroad Depot, 500cc., exposed to the lead 36 hours, reduced to 5cc., gave, of sulphide of lead, 0.00002gr * = O.OOOlSgr. in a gallon.
"The magnitude of this quantity, and the influence its known pres- ence in a water should have, nnay be over-estimated.
500 cubic centimetres contain 0.00002gr. 1000 " " " 0.00004gr.
" Wiesbaden water contains of arsenious acid, in lOOOcc, 0.00015gr.,f — a quantity more than ten times as great as the lead in Jamaica water, and yet this water is renowned for its medicinal virtues. It may be said, that the arsenic is in combination with oxide of iron. Chevallier and Gobley have come to the conclusion, that its occurrence in springs is not dependent upon the presence of iron.| It is found in water whose character is determined by the presence of carbonic acid or sulphates. This body occurs in solution in waters from nine mineral springs in France. Its occurrence in Germany has been recognized, among others, by Will.§ Tripier found it in Algiers.
" The appearance of leaden pipes taken up after several years' use, in New York, is what might have been expected. I have exam- ined twelve pieces from as many different localities. Most of the specimens that had been in use for only one and two years were cov- ered with a bluish-gray coat, and some of them could scarcely be distinguished from ordinary pipe for sale in the shops. A speci- men in use five years is coated with a transparent, exceedingly thin, reddish-brown film, apparently composed of organic matter, oxide of lead, and oxide of iron. The crystalline laminae upon the inner sur- face, characteristic of new pipe, are to be seen with the utmost distinct- ness, and present, with the exception of the coating, no appearance distinguishing it from new pipe.
" Jamaica pipe, in use from fifteen to twenty years, is coated with a thick, reddish coat, which, when dry, may be readily disengaged, and in one specimen examined shows traces of slight corrosion beneath. The corrosion from without was such as to have nearly eaten through in some places. The lead of this pipe contained great proportions of antimony where corrosion occurred, but no sulphide of lead, which, I am informed, occurs in much lead pipe.
* Precipitate ignited, redissolved, and re-precipitated, t CoTiipt. Rend., Tom. XXIII., pp. 612-615,634,635. t Journ. dc Ph. el dc Ck., 3 Ser., Tom. XIII., pp. 324 - 333. § Aim. dcr Chem. und Pharm., LXI., pp. 192-204.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. t \J
" Pipe employed to conduct Dedham spring water is internally cor- roded, and presents at intervals deep depressions, the result of more extreme local action. Pipe of one well in Cambridge is appreciably corroded. Pipe of wells in Boston is frequently consumed in peri- ods of from six to eighteen months.
" The above results and observations show, that, —
" 1st. Many well-waters, in a space of time comparatively short, act on lead. This has been fully established by the researches of Dr. Dana* in this country, and by observations in England.
" 2d. That, except after longer exposure than will ordinarily occur in actual use, the amount of lead coming into solution in Croton, Schuylkill, or Jamaica waters is too small to occasion any solicitude.
" Hence it may be inferred from the above, and from the great sim- ilarity of Cochituate to Jamaica, Croton, and Schuylkill waters, in its relations to lead, that the quantity of lead that loill he dissolved in Cochituate loater in actual service will, for all practical purposes, he of no moment.
" The recognition and quantitative determination of very minute quantities are not always without difficulty ; where many and rapid determinations are required, the processes of gathering upon a filter, washing, drying, igniting, and weighing consume far too much time, and are sometimes less accurate than other and more indirect methods. That which I have employed is based upon the mode of analyzing sil- ver coin proposed by Gay-Lussac,t and adopted quite universally at mints. The same general method has been extended by Gay-Lussac to ascertain the strength of alkalies and bleaching-powder. It is em- ployed with protosulphate of iron and subchloride of mercury for the latter purpose. It is the method of graduated ^lutions. A gramme of lead in the form of the acetate (common sugar of lead ) , which contains three atoms of water, is dissolved in 100 grammes or parts of distilled water. This constitutes solution No. 1. Ten parts of this solution are diluted with ninety parts of water to make solution No. 2. Ten parts of solution No. 2, diluted with ninety parts of water, make solution No. 3. In the same manner solutions No. 4, No. 5, and No. 6 are prepared.
" Ten parts of each solution are placed in corresponding test-tubes (about six inches long, five eighths of an inch wide, and closed at one end), and hydrosulphuric acid transmitted through them till the liquid,
* Appendix to Tanquerel, by Dana. t Annates de Cliemie et de Physique.
80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADE»IT
first blackened by the formation of sulphide of lead, becomes clear. Test-tube No, 1 contains one tenth of a gramme of lead in the form of sulphide, — a black powder at the bottom. Test-tube No. 2 contains one hundredth of a gramme. No. 3, one thousandth. No. 4, one ten- thousandth. No. 5, one hundred-thousandth. No. 6 yielded no pre- cipitate without concentration. Each succeeding precipitate in the se- ries, setting aside a slight allowance to be made on account of solubil- ity, was one tenth as voluminous as the one above.
" Having prepared this scale of quantities, it is required to determine the amount of lead in a given diluted solution. An experiment is made to ascertain if the quantity be large enough to give a direct precipitate with sulphide of ammonium. This being decided in the negative, fifty cubic centimetres or grammes of water (corresponding with fifty parts of the scale of solutions) are carefully evaporated to dryness and ignit- ed in a small porcellain capsule (to expel any organic matter that may have been present), moistened with nitric acid, and then warmed, with the addition of acetic acid and water, till the volume becomes ten cubic centimetres. A drop of acetate of potassa is then added, and then hy- drosulphuric acid gas transmitted through the solution. A precipitate results, or it does not. If it does, to know its value or the amount of lead it contains, the scale is resorted to. Though it might rarely be possible to identify it with either one of two precipitates in the scale, there could be no difficulty in deciding between which two it should fall, or nearest to which one of two it should be placed. If fifty cubic centimetres thus treated yielded no precipitate, one hundred cubic cen- timetres were evaporated to dryness, and the residue similarly treated. If this failed, five hundred cubic centimetres were taken, and in some instances more, and the®!same course pursued.
" It was natural to suppose that the presence of foreign bodies, such as occur in natural waters, might embarrass the precipitation. This led to the preparation of a series of graduated solutions of lead, with all the common salts occurring in waters, from the reagents in my lab- oratory. They were similarly treated with acetate of potassa, free acetic acid, and a stream of hydrosulphuric acid, and though it was possible to see differences in the amounts of the precipitates, they fell very greatly within the differences between the successive members of the graduated series.
" The precipitates in the experiments with bars of lead, the results of which are given in the preceding tables, were estimated from this scale.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
81
They were, however, not ignited and redissolved, as in the examination of waters exposed in lead pipe, and the numbers were intended, as al- ready remarked, to express only relative values.
" Influence of Nitrates. — Although medical testimony and public sentiment were conclusive upon the subject of the health of our larger cities, so far as it might be influenced by the lead contained in the res- ervoir-waters used for culinary and general purposes, it was equally certain that individuals had been poisoned from drinking the waters of wells, and in one case, at least, from drinking water from a spring. It was obvious, therefore, that between these two classes, river, lake, pond, and open reservoir waters on the one hand, and well and some spring waters on the other, there must be differences in their relations to lead. Experiments were made with well-water, and at the same time with the river and lake waters in my possession. The following result shows with what success.
Table XIX.
|
Days. |
Well-water. |
Cochituate. |
Fairmount. |
|
3 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
.15 |
|
5 |
.20 |
.00 |
.GO |
|
6 |
.30 |
..50 |
.00 |
|
7 |
.10 |
.00 |
.00 |
|
8 |
.00 |
.05 |
' .00 |
|
10 |
.50 |
.00 |
.00 |
|
11 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
" The bars rested on the bottoms of the tubes, and the waters had been some time standing in sunlight. These experiments threw little light upon the subject. The differences in favor of the Cochituate ^and Fairmount, as compared with a well-water known to act vigorously on lead pipe, were too inconsiderable to be worthy of notice. These wa- ters contained in 500cc.
Of Solid Residue.
Of Organic Matter.
Of Inorganic Matter.
0.0.540gr.
0.0840gr.
Well water, 0.1380gr. Cochituate, 0.0267 0.0122 0.0145
Fairmount, 0.3007 0.1032 0.1975
" On comparing these, it will be seen that the water which con- tained the most solid residue acted least on lead, and that the action of that which contained least solid residue was next in order. The com- parison of the analyses of waters made by different individuals led to no satisfactory results. Ingredients that might have been presumed to
VOL. II. 11
82
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
be in all had in some cases not been recognized. The only large suite of analyses made by a single individual first fell under my eye in the early part of June of 1848. In the following table are compared the average total amounts of inorganic matters, and also the relative amounts of the more prominent salts, in three vi^ells, six springs, and six rivers, as determined by Deville.*
|
Total. Nitrates. |
Chlorides. |
Sulphates. |
Carbonates. |
|
|
Wells, Springs, Rivers, |
6455 1701 3344 86 1949 65 |
650 77 38 |
1394 365 157 |
2291 2336 1185 |
" The compounds of sulphuric and carbonic acids with oxide of lead are eminently insoluble. The chlorides are less insoluble, and the nitrates are highly soluble. f The contrast between the quantities of ni- trates in well and river waters suggested the experiment with lead and graduated solutions of saltpetre. | The results follow.
Table XX.
|
Cochituate and |
Cochituate and |
Cochituate and |
Cochituate and |
||
|
Days. |
Pure Cochituate. |
1 0 O'O- ' of Saltpetre. |
Ttf^W of Saltpetre. |
ITJTIOTTTT of Saltpetre. |
1000000 of Saltpetre. |
|
1 2 3 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
2.25 |
0.75 |
0.50 |
|
0.00 |
2.00 |
1.00 |
0.50 |
0.10 |
|
|
4 |
0.50 |
2.00 |
0.25 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
|
5 |
0.00 |
2.50 |
1.00 |
0.30 |
0.20 |
|
6 7 8 |
0.05 |
2.50 |
0.50 |
0.30 |
0.00 |
|
0.00 |
2.00 |
0.80 |
0.05 |
0.00 |
|
|
9 |
0.00 |
1.80 |
0.70 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
* Mn. de Chcm. et de Phys., 3^ Serie, Tom. XXIII., pp. 33-47.
i Sulphate of lead is soluble in not less than 15000 parts of water. Gmelin. — Carbonate of lead requires 50551 parts of water. Fresenius, Mnn. der Chem.und Phar., LIX., S. 117 - 128. — Chloride of lead requires 135 parts of pure water, 534 of water containing chloride of calcium, and 1636 of water containing hydrochloric acid. BiscHOF. — Nitrate of lead dissolves in 1.989 parts of water at 63° Fahr. Karsten. — A solution of saltpetre containing 39 parts to 100 of water will still dissolve 110 parts of nitrate of lead. — Gmelin.
t O'Henry found nitrates in mineral spring-water in 1839. Journ. de Pharm., Dec, 1838, pp. 634-637. — Licbig found nitrates in twelve wells in Giessen, and none in the wells of the surrounding country, by experiments made in 1827. " This fact has been noticed by Berzelius in Europe. I," says Dr. Dana, " have
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
83
Table XXI.
|
Fairinonnl and |
Fairmount and |
FaFrmount and |
Faimiount and |
||
|
Days. |
Pure Fairmount. |
of Saltpetre. |
of Saltpetre. |
of Saltpetre. |
TTJ(TO(TTJTr of Saltpetre. |
|
1 2 3 |
0.15 |
1.00 |
0.80 |
0.80 |
0.80 |
|
O.GO |
3.00 |
1.25 |
0.25 |
0.20 |
|
|
4 |
0.00 |
1.80 |
0.50 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
5 |
0.00 |
2.25 |
1.50 |
0.40 |
0.10 |
|
6 7 8 |
0.00 |
1.80 |
0.80 |
0.05 |
0.00 |
|
0.00 |
2.50 |
0.80 |
0.20 |
0.05 |
|
|
9 |
0.00 |
1.80 |
0.80 |
0.20 |
0.00 |
|
10 |
0.00 |
1.80 |
0.80 |
0.20 |
0.10 |
|
11 |
0.00 |
1.20 |
0.80 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
" The mode of action of the saltpetre has been the subject of experi- rhent. I had previously exposed bright bars of lead to natural waters containing traces of nitrates, which were deprived of air and sealed in glass flasks. Months had produced no action upon the lead, and had conducted to the opinion, that lead was not acted upon by nitrates in natural waters. As the reaction of the Cochituate or Fairmount water was perfectly neutral, the decomposition of the saltpetre by free acid, which should expose the lead to uncombined nitric acid, was not possi- ble. Fresenius had observed that the carbonate of lead was less soluble in water containing nitrate of ammonia and ammonia than in pure wa- ter. I was aware that alkaline chlorides promoted the solution of cer- tain lead compounds, and it occurred to me that they might 'be more soluble in waters from the presence of nitrate of potassa, soda, or lime.
" In changing the waters, from day to day, exposure to the air would furnish the oxygen and carbonic acid more directly than the absorption from the surface, for the formation of the hydrated oxide and carbon- ate, and these might to a slight extent, it seemed possible, experience
confirmed it in the water of a great number of wells in Lowell." Appendix to Tanquerel, p. 367. — Guy ton Morveau, most of whose labors belong to the last cen- tury, mentions saltpetre as one of the salts denominated by him protecting in its in- fluence on leaden pipes, when seeking to find the value as protectors of the differ- ent salts occurring in natural waters. Christison. — Dr. Dana has ascribed a prominent place to nitrates and chlorides in the action of well-waters upon lead. Appendix to Tanquerel. — Experiments with graduated solutions of common salt were made. See p. 74.
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADESIY
decomposition with the saltpetre. The decision of this point rested up- on the following experiments.
" 1. A solution of saltpetre, the usual laboratory reagent, was pour- ed upon a quantity of common white lead, and, after repeated agitation and alternate rest, filtered off and tested with hydfosulphuric acid for lead. There followed an instantaneous, distinct, though not large, pre- cipitate of sulphide of lead. There was an objection to the experiment. White lead prepared from the acetate might not be altogether free from acetate of lead. This, if present, might be brought into solution by the nitrate of potassa.
" 2. To settle this point, a portion was carefully ignited upon plati- num. Had there been appreciable acetic acid, the mass would have more or less blackened, or would have revealed to the sense of smell some evidence of its presence. It gave no indication whatever.
" 3. A quantity of the white lead was then treated with sulphuric acid and alcohol in a test-tube, in the usual manner for detecting acetic acid by the formation of acetic ether. This failed to give a trace of' acetic acid. The quantity of white lead was small.
" 4. Four ounces of white lead were then boiled three hours with a large measure of diluted soda, filtered, concentrated, and treated with sulphuric acid and alcohol as before. It yielded no distinct trace of acetic acid.
" 5. To meet the question fully, and give to the experiment the ad- vantage of the nascent state which in actual practice must occur, and to give to the view an entirely unobjectionable foundation, I added to a solution of nhrate of lead, first, potassa, which threw down a hydrate of lead, and then carbonate of potassa, which threw down a carbonate of lead, until the solution yielded an alkaline reaction. There were then hydrate and carbonate of lead in the precipitate, and nitrate of potassa, carbonate of potassa, and if any lead, a nitrate of lead in so- lution. The liquor was filtered, and, upon adding hydrosulphuric acid to the filtrate, I obtained a precipitate of the black sulphide, more voluminous than in the first experiment with white lead and a solution of saltpetre.
" 6. Soda and carbonate of soda gave the same reaction.
" 7. Nitrate of lime in solution gave the same reaction as nitrate of potassa.
" My attention has been drawn by a friend to the following sen- tence in Bcrzelius : — ' When nitrate of lime is boiled with carbonate
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 85
of lead, the oxide of lead is dissolved, while the carbonate of lime is df posited.' * If with the aid of heat such decomposition results, it might be conceived that, favored by the nascent condition, quantity, and time, there might be to some small extent a corresponding decom- position. The first was the principal experiment bearing on this point made at the date of my last letter to the Water-Commissioners, and up- on this experiment, and the known solubility of the nitrate, I ascribed the increased action of water consequent upon the addition of nitrates to a slight double decomposition. It had been ascribed by Dr. Danat to the conversion of the protoxide of iron, in solution as protosulphate, in- to the peroxide, by which he conceived there would be free sulphuric acid, and therefore free nitric acid, in water containing protosulphate of iron and nitrates. | This explanation would not apply to the action of neutral waters, or of those containing no protosalts of iron, though ni- trates were present. The whole subject has undergone a more thor- ough eixamination. The conclusion that nitrates are not reduced by lead I have found to be erroneous ; for experiment has shown that up- on boiling a strong solution of nitrate of potash to expel the air, and in- troducing a bar of bright lead, it became immediately coated with sub- oxide of lead, and this without the evolution of gas. There had been a partial reduction of the nitric acid. Upon testing the solution with hydrosulphuric acid, it gave, after long digestion, but a faint discolora- tion. Upon pouring off the liquor and adding to it oxide of lead, and continuing the digestion, a large quantity of lead was dissolved, which in 66cc. gave of sulphide of lead 0.0106gr. = 0.7296gr. in a gallon. The solution reacted strongly alkaline. As the only known inorganic salts of nitrous acid are its compounds with lead, it was probable that, upon the reduction of the nitric acid to nitrous acid, it had abandoned
* " Lorsqu'on fait bouUir du nitrate calcique avec du carbonate plombique il se dissout de I'oxyde plombique taudis que le carbonate calcique reste." — Traite dc Chemie, 1847, Tom. IV., p. 91.
t Report of the Joint Special Committee of City of Lowell, Aug., 1842, pp. 8-11.
t The change that takes place when a solution of copperas is exposed to the air may be thus represented : — 4 (Fe 0, S03) + 20 = Fea O3, 3 S O3 -|- Foq O3, S O3. The latter compound is insoluble in water. Gmelin. — The constitution of the pre- cipitate, according to Mitscherlich and Scheerer, is 2 Tea O3, S O3-J- 3 H O. WiTTSTEi N (Buck. Rep., 3 R., Bd. I., S. 182 - 189) gives it as 2 Fe. O3 -f 3 S03 -f 8 H O. An acid salt remains in solution, which is probably what Dr. Dana wonid have understood from the statement that tiic above decomposition produces free sulphuric acid. ^
86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
the potash to unite with the oxide of lead, or a basic soluble salt had been formed, in which potash was present. Upon examining the ti- trate of potash employed as a reagent in the first experiment, and which had been purchased for this purpose because it was labelled pure, h was found to contain alkaline chlorides, — a circumstance to which the lead in the first experiment might in part be ascribed. A repetition of it with pure nitrate of potash and the hydrate and carbon- ate of lead, prepared by exposing lead to distilled water in an open vessel, gave but a faint discoloration with hydrosulphuric acid. I am inclined to ascribe to the reduction of the nitric acid much the greater part in the action of nitrates upon lead.
" Action of Air. — The importance of air in order to the action of a water upon lead has been intimated in the results already recorded. The following experiments confirm the observations of Yorke, Bons- dorff, and others, and, more recently, of Dr. Hayes, as expressed in his Report to the Consulting Physicians.*
" Experiment 1. — June 17th. An apparatus consisting of a half- gill flask, containing lead scrapings and Cochituate water, filled to half its depth, the lead all below the surface of the water, was connected by a tube, bent twice at right angles, with a vessel of mercury. The cork uniting the tube and the flask was carefully covered with sealing- wax. If, now, in the oxidation of the lead, oxygen should be withdrawn from the space above the water, mercury would rise to occupy its place. The mercury had risen, June 19th, three fourths of an inch ; July 1st, four inches ; July 22d, six inches ; and in August the mercury passed over into the flask. Another similar apparatus prepared on the 16th of May showed, on the 10th of August, mercury at a height of 6^ inches.
" Experiment 2. — A flask of a half-gill capacity was filled to two thirds its depth with distilled water, and boiled five minutes. While hot, and without delay, bars of bright lead were added, and the flask filled from another flask containing distilled water that had been boil- ing an equal length of time. In this condition a nicely-fitting cork was adjusted to the neck, and expeditiously sealed, so as to prevent the ad- mission of air. Another flask was filled in the same manner with Co- chituate water, and sealed. Both are in possession still. The bar in distilled water is quite as bright as when immersed, except around the end in contact with the glass, which has become a little coated. The
* Report of Consulting Physicians, Boston, 1848, p. 23.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
87
bar in Cochituate water was bright for some months, but has at length become slightly dimmed in small patches, which may be attributed to the less complete expulsion of the air by boiling, or the less accurate stopping of the flask, though at the time the experiment was made both were regarded as unobjectionable.
" The following experiment shows how much is due to a change of water. The bars in the Cochituate remained quite bright, and those in the other waters were but slightly coated. Two bars in 15cc. for thir- teen consecutive days, without changing the water, gave, in Cochituate, 0.500gr. ; Croton, O.SOOgr. ; Fairmount, 0.500gr. ; Jamaica, l.OOOgr.
" These experiments seemed to show that, without a renewal of the air, the action nearly or quite ceases after a short time. Professor Sil- liman, Jr., made a similar observation in his experiments with the vari- ous waters submitted to him for analysis by the Water-Commissioners in 1845. He used a large volume of water, and yet the bar remained quite bright. There was no alternate exposure to water and air. Chris- tison remarks, that, while certain waters might doubtless be kept with safety in leaden cisterns, the covers of the cisterns should not be of lead, but of wood, since the moisture condensing on them, furnishing, as he observes, pure water, would act on the lead, and the product fall- ing would poison the water. The joint action of air and water is here presented under exceedingly favorable circumstances. The corrosion of cisterns along the line where air and water meet might be expected.
" It will be readily seen, from considering the important part air plays, how rain-water must act with great vigor upon lead. It contains air, and is surrounded by air, and, aside from temperature, could not be more favorably constituted for acting upon lead. The well-known prevalence of lead maladies in Amsterdam, while leaden roofs were in use, and the restoration of health on their replacement with tile, find here a ready explanation. Dr. Dana has recorded an experiment with rain-water, which furnishes a valuable confirmation of what is stated above.* In a series of experiments with lead pipe of considerable length, if an interval of half a minute, or even less, occurred between the emptying of the pipe and refilling, there was invariably found lead in the water. This has been observed on a large scale in the practical service of lead pipe. Where from any cause the pipes have been empty for a length of time and then filled, the first water drawn con-
* Appendix to Tanquerel.
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
tains a very considerable quantity of lead. In the experiments of the preceding tables, the tubes intended to receive the bars were previously filled, and thus the transfer of the bar from one tube to another occu- pied scarcely a second of time. Even this short period was doubtless adequate to provide for some of the oxidation which the bar experi- enced.* Important as the office of air is, it is not adequate of itself to oxidate lead. A bar of lead scraped bright and placed in a desiccator over sulphuric acid remained undimmed for weeks, — during the whole time of the experiment.
" Influence of Light and Organized Substances in Water. — It is a familiar fact, that well-water recently drawn and exposed to the light and warmth a short time loses much of its air, and becomes insipid. Count Rumford has made this fact the foundation of an important inves- tigation. His conclusions in relation to the joint effect of sunlight and solid miscible, but insoluble, substances in expelling the air from waters, and thus showing a difference between lake, river, pond, and reservoir waters, which are exposed to sunlight, and well or spring waters, which are concealed from it, are of great importance in this connection. t I have made numerous experiments upon this subjeci, which, although still incomplete, taken in connection with the results of Count Rumford, go to establish the following positions : —
" 1st. Well waters contain more air in solution than lake, river, and pond waters, as a class. 2d. Sunlight and heat falling upon water con- taining solid insoluble substances, organic tissues, or pulverulent mat- ter, expel a portion of the gases. 3d. The germs of animalculaj being
* I see, in the time between the emptying and filling of leaden pipes employed in experimenting, the explanation of much of the discrepancy between the results of different experimenters. If to this be added the unequal exposures to warmth and light which have been permitted by those engaged in experimenting, I am persuaded that most of the differences in results will be fully accounted for.
1 He exposed spring water, containing, in a series of experiments, weigiied quan- tities of raw silic, poplar cotton, sheep's wool, eider-down, liare's fur, cotton-wool, ravellings of linen, and Confervae (hair-weed), to the sun's rays, and observed tiie quantity of air disengaged by each substance. It amounted in some cases to one eiglUh of the volume of water. Philosophical Papers, by Benjamin, Count Rum- ford, London, 1802, Vol. I., pp. 218-263.
The observations of Wohler in 1843 (Jinn, der Chem. und Pharm., Bd. XLI., S. 121), and of Schultz in 1845 (Journ.fur Prakt. Chem., Bd. XXXIV., S. 61-63, ]81;)), upon the evolution of oxygen from waters containing animalculaj and 'green plants,' under the influence of sunlight, were confirmations of some of the experi- uiunlal results of Count lluuifbrd.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
89
present, oxygen will be given out and immediately expelled, until the maximum of the solvent power for air by the given temperature be at^ tained. 4th. On the withdrawal of sunlight and the reduction of the temperature, the animalculae cease to evolve oxygen, and that which is in solution becomes the prey of the decaying organic matters present. 5th. The hydrogen of organic bodies (as Liebig has remarked) oxidates first. This position I have verified by a series of observations, to which I will here only refer.
" The following experiment may be mentioned in this connection. Two clear glass globes of about four and a half inches in diameter, filled with waters from two wells in Cambridge, in one of which, after rest of twelve hours in leaden pipe, lead was detected, and in the other of which, after equal exposure, no lead was recognized, were placed in a window of south-southeast exposure. Into each globe a skein of silk weighing 1.25gr. was introduced ; at the end of five days, the quantity of gas evolved was more than twice as great in that containing the well- water that acted on lead as in the other. No admeasurement of the quantity was attempted, for the following reason : I wished to know what would become of these gases, — the water containing organisms which must soon consume their supply of nutriment. In a period equal to the above, the gases were entirely absorbed, and after the lapse of a month, during which time there were several days of brilliant sunshine, no gases appeared. An isolated experiment of this description cannot have much value. But it seemed to me worth recording, as sustaining what Liebig has remarked, that of the elements of organic bodies the hydrogen is more readily oxidated than the carbon, and as illustrating the decay of organic bodies in water.
" Of the various popular reasons why lead should not be employed for distributing water, the following have been found not to be sustained by experiment or authority.
" 1. The Galvanic Action of Iron and Lead. — The efTect of con- tact with iron, in most of its points of view, has been investigated. In diluted acids, Iright lead in contact with iron is positive, — coated lead, negative. Yorke. — Diluted acid faciUlates the solution of iron in con- tact with lead. Runge. — In strong nitric acid, iron, in connection with lead, is positive. Delarive. — In potash solution or lime-water, bright lead is positive to iron, but oxidated or coated lead is negative. This is also true of these metals m a solution of saltpetre. Yorke. — It is also true in a solution of sal-ammoniac. Wetzlar. — Thus in acid, al-
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90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
kaline, 'And saline solutions, — all the conditions in which Cochituate water can occur, — iron, if not at first, will, after a short interval, be the metal at whose expense the galvanic action will be sustained.
" 2. The Action of Iron- Rust. — It was natural to suppose that the moist iron-rust flowing from the mains into the leaden pipes might, by- reduction to a lower oxide, promote the oxidation and solution of lead. Bars of lead in contact with hydrated peroxide of iron, in open tubes, containing Cochituate, Croton, Jamaica, Fairmount, Albany, and Troy water, arranged on the 15th of May, gave, when tested on the 17th, 22d, and 27th of May, and 7th of June, with ferrocyanide of potas- sium, no indication of protoxide. The same water in which nails were immersed, tested from time to time, gave occasional evidence of the presence of protoxide of iron. I placed peroxide of iron and bright bars of lead in flasks of distilled and Cochituate water, and sealed them, on the 7th of last June. The flasks are in my possession still, and though the air was expelled only so much as boiling five minutes would accomplish, the bars of lead are quite as undimmed as on the day they were sealed up. It is scarcely necessary to state that the iron rust, in actual service, does not come in contact with lead, but with the subox- ide, or other coat.*
" 3. The Solubility of the Suboxide of Lead. — I have been unable to procure the slightest trace of lead in water deprived of its air, after long contact with the suboxide of lead. Mitscherlich remarks of its in- solubility.f
" 4. The Action of Alkaline Chlorides upon Lead, in the Absence of Oxygen or Atmospheric Air. — The following experiment was made and several times repeated by me with graduated solutions of common salt. A flask of one gill capacity, containing a quantity of lead shavings, presenting an extent of surface comparatively great, was one third filled with a solution of common salt. This flask w^as connect- ed by a tube, bent twice at right angles, with a cup of mercury. The cork, tube, and neck, at the connections, were carefully covered with sealing-wax, that the flask might be air-tight. So arranged, the flask
* Reference has been made to the experiments of Napier upon this point. He made no experiments with peroxide of iron, but with neutral salts of tlie peroxide, and he states distinctly that lead exposed to them a little while became coated, and that action was thereafter arrested. — Loud., Edinh., and Dull. P/dlos. Mag., May, 1844, pp. 365-370.
t Lehrbuch der Cliemie, 2te Band, S. 511.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
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was slightly warmed ; the air thereby driven out was of course re- placed with quicksilver, the upper surface of which, after the original temperature had been reestablished, was marked. Now, if any decom- position of common salt occurred by the agency of lead, the chlorine would be freed from the sodium, the sodium would decompose the wa- ter, hydrogen would be set free, and the column of mercury depressed. Instead of any such result, the column of mercury regularly rose in ev- ery instance. An apparatus of this description, several months in ac- tion, is still preserved in my laboratory. It might still have been said, that, had the flask been deprived of air, the lead would have been acted on by the simple chloride. The experiment of lead and sea-water, in a flask deprived of air, has been made. The flask was sealed on the 25th of May last. The bar for a long time retained its perfect bright- ness, and is but very faintly dimmed at this late day, February 1, 1849.
" 5. Action of Organic Matter. — It has been conceived that or- ganic matter might exert a deleterious influence. Experiments already recorded (p. 15) show that the presence of organic matter increases the protecting power of water which is to be transmitted through lead. If the quantity exceed one ten-thousandth of the weight of the water, pre- cipitates of oxide of lead, united to organic matter, take place. Orfila has remarked the precipitation of the coloring matter from Burgundy by neutralizing it with litharge.* Its influence in withdrawing the oxygen from solution has also been alluded to. In the important re- searches of Dr. Smith f upon the air and water